Comprehensive Review on g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production under Visible Light
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Photocatalyst
2.1. Textural Characteristics and Methods to Control Them
2.1.1. The Use of Templates
2.1.2. The Use of Pore-Forming Agents
2.1.3. Pretreatment Method
2.2. Doping Heteroatoms
2.3. Doping Metals
2.4. Development of Composite Photocatalysts
3. Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride to Provide Superior Photocatalytic Activity
3.1. Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride by Conventional Thermal Polycondensation
3.2. Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride from Melamine Hydrothermally Pretreated in Glucose
3.3. Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride from Supramolecular Melamine-Cyanuric Acid Adduct
3.4. Composites Cd-Zn Sulfide Solid Solution/g-C3N4
3.5. Summary Data on the Photocatalysts Based on g-C3N4
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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g-C3N4 Synthesis | Pt Deposition | Composites y%Cd0.8Zn0.2S/x%Pt/g-C3N4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
H2PtCl6 | (Me4N)2[Pt2(OH)2 (NO3)6] | |||
Reduction by NaBH4 | Photoreduction | H2 Reduction at 400 °C | ||
Thermal polycondensation of melamine | 0.45 | 0.87 | 1.80 | 2.52 |
Thermal polycondensation of melamine pretreated in glucose by the hydrothermal method | 1.80 | 4.20 | 5.30 | 6.30 |
Thermal polycondensation of the supramolecular complex melamine-cyanuric acid | 3.00 | 4.90 | 11.0 | 10.2 |
№ | Catalyst | Pt, wt.% | Catalyst Mass, mg | Sacrificial Agent | Synthetic Procedure of Pt | Light Source | H2 Evolution Rate, µmol min−1 | Catalytic Activity, µmol gcat−1·h−1 | AQY, % | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.15-NVCN x—mass KOH heating in N2 atmosphere | 0.5 | 30 | 20 vol.% methanol | H2PtCl6 photodeposition in situ | 300W Xe lamp λ > 420 nm | 1.66 | 3310 | 8.60 | [74] |
2 | g-C3N4 | 0.5 | 10 | 20 vol.% TEOA | H2PtCl6 Ar plasma | Xe-lamp | 0.19 | 1151 | - | [75] |
3 | g-C3N4 nanosheets | 1.25 | 100 | 5 vol. % TEOA pH = 9 | H2PtCl6 ethylene glycol reduction | 300W Xe lamp λ > 420 nm | 0.75 | 451 | - | [106] |
4 | CNC0.1 0.1%—weight ratio between urea and glucose | 1.0 | 50 | 15 vol. % TEOA | H2PtCl6 photodeposition in situ | 350 W Xe lamp λ ≥ 420 nm | 0.18 | 213 | 0.90 | [107] |
5 | S-doped g-C3N4 S-CN | 0.3 | 100 | 15 vol. % methanol | H2PtCl6 photodeposition in situ | 300W Xe lamp | 1.24 | 742 | - | [108] |
6 | VCN heating in NH3 atmosphere | 3.0 | 100 | 15 vol. % TEOA | H2PtCl6 photodeposition in situ | 300W Xe lamp λ > 420 nm | 5.51 | 3300 | - | [109] |
7 | HCN-3h heating in H2 atmosphere | 3.0 | 50 | 15 vol. % TEOA | H2PtCl6 photodeposition in situ | 300W Xe lamp | 3.58 | 4300 | - | [110] |
8 | ultrathin O-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets | 3.0 | 5.0 | 10 vol. % TEOA | H2PtCl6 photodeposition in situ | 300W Xe lamp λ > 400 nm | 3.16 | 3790 | - | [111] |
9 | mesoporous g-C3N4 | 0.5 | 100 | 10 vol. % isopropanol | H2PtCl6 photodeposition in situ | medium pressure Hg arc lamp (125W) | 3.35 | 2010 | 2.72 | [112] |
10 | NiS/g-C3N4-30 30—time irradiation | - | 5 | 10 vol. % TEOA | - | 300W Xe lamp λ > 400 nm | 0.27 | 3300 | 1.25 | [113] |
11 | 30 wt.% CdS/g-C3N4 | - | 20 | 10 vol.% methanol | - | 300W Xe lamp λ > 420 nm | 1.22 | 3670 | 2.03 | [114] |
12 | 25 wt.% ZnCo2S4/C3N4 | - | 20 | 20 vol.% TEOA | - | 300W Xe lamp λ > 420 nm | 2.21 | 6620 | [115] | |
13 | g-C3N4 | 0.5 | 50 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Reduction of chemisorbed Pt nitrato complex with H2 at 400 °C | 425-nm LED | 9.40 | 11300 | 6.70 | [103] |
14 | g-C3N4 | 0.1 | 50 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Reduction of chemisorbed Pt nitrato complex with H2 at 400 °C | 425-nm LED | 7.10 | 8500 | 5.01 | [103] |
15 | g-C3N4 | 0.5 | 50 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Reduction of chemisorbed ([Pt(OH)4(H2O)2] with H2 at 400 °C | 425-nm LED | 7.10 | 8500 | 5.01 | [105] |
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Zhurenok, A.V.; Vasilchenko, D.B.; Kozlova, E.A. Comprehensive Review on g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production under Visible Light. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010346
Zhurenok AV, Vasilchenko DB, Kozlova EA. Comprehensive Review on g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production under Visible Light. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(1):346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010346
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhurenok, Angelina V., Danila B. Vasilchenko, and Ekaterina A. Kozlova. 2023. "Comprehensive Review on g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production under Visible Light" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1: 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010346