Advances in Rodent Experimental Models of Sepsis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bacterial and Fungal Infection Models
3. Bacteria Clot Implantation Models
4. Endotoxemia Models
5. Intraperitoneal Sepsis
6. The Two-Hit Models
7. Genetic Background and Phylogenetic Distance
8. Humanized Mice and “Dirty” Mice in Sepsis Studies
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pros | Cons | |
---|---|---|
Bacterial and Fungal Infection | Selected pathogens of choice can be tested, lack of surgical insult, and ability to study progression of infection in relation to severity. | Strain, dose, and route dependence on severity; single pathogen may not reflect human sepsis. |
Bacteria Clot Implantation | Allows slow pathogen release, produces progressive sepsis, and prolonged immunometabolic dysregulation. | Reproducibility depends on clot standardization. |
Endotoxemia | Simple procedure, reproducibility, and acute response. | Dependence on toxin, dose, and route. Differs from clinical sepsis. |
Intraperitoneal | ||
Cecal Ligation and Puncture | Polymicrobial sepsis. Cardio-metabolic and immune response similar to clinical sepsis. Organ dysfunction. Simple surgical procedure. | Variability of the model (needle size, number of punctures, ligated cecum length). Surgical insult. |
Cecal Slurry | Reproducibility, ease of use, lack of surgical trauma, and organ dysfunction. | Batch-to-batch variation in the slurry. |
Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis | Polymicrobial infection, organ dysfunction, and inflammatory response. | Surgical insult, variability due to stent size, and challenging surgical model. |
Two-Hit (e.g., CLP followed by lung infection) | Mimics biphasic multiorgan failure. | Variability depending on duration between hits, nature of each hit, and sequence of hits. |
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Cai, L.; Rodgers, E.; Schoenmann, N.; Raju, R.P. Advances in Rodent Experimental Models of Sepsis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119578
Cai L, Rodgers E, Schoenmann N, Raju RP. Advances in Rodent Experimental Models of Sepsis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(11):9578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119578
Chicago/Turabian StyleCai, Lun, Elizabeth Rodgers, Nick Schoenmann, and Raghavan Pillai Raju. 2023. "Advances in Rodent Experimental Models of Sepsis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11: 9578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119578