Improving Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle Contributes to the Amelioration of Insulin Resistance by Nicotinamide Riboside
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. NR Supplementation Prevents Obesity-Related Metabolic Abnormalities in HFD-Fed Mice
2.2. NR Supplementation Alleviates Insulin Resistance in HFD-Fed Mice
2.3. NR Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Skeletal Muscle Cells
2.4. NR Supplementation Alleviates Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by HFD
2.5. NR Supplementation Ameliorates Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle Cells through Activating AMPK
2.6. AMPK Activation Is Required for Improvement on Mitochondrial Function and Insulin Sensitivity via NR in PA-Treated Skeletal Muscle Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Experiments
4.1.1. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
4.1.2. Immunohistochemistry
4.1.3. Immunofluorescence
4.2. Cell Culture Experiments
4.2.1. Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake Analysis
4.2.2. MitoTracker Red Staining
4.2.3. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Determination
4.2.4. MitoSox Staining
4.2.5. Measurement of MDA Levels
4.2.6. Measurement of NAD Levels
4.2.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.2.8. Quantitative PCR
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genes | Primers | Sequences (Primer: 5′-3′) |
---|---|---|
SOD2 | Forward primer | GCCCAAACCTATCGTGTCCA |
Reverse primer | AGGGAACCCTAAATGCTGCC | |
β-Actin | Forward primer | GTGGTGGTGAAGCTGTAGCC |
Reverse primer | AGCCATGTACGTAGCCATCC | |
Sirt1 | Forward primer | TGTGAAGTTACTGCAGGAGTGTAAA |
Reverse primer | GCATAGATACCGTCTCTTGATCTGAA | |
PGC-1α | Forward primer | AAGTGTGGAACTCTCTGGAACTG |
Reverse primer | GGGTTATCTTGGTTGGCTTTATG | |
TFAM | Forward primer | AACACCCAGATGCAAAACTTTCA |
Reverse primer | GACTTGGAGTTAGCTGCTCTTT | |
Nrf2 | Forward primer | CTTTAGTCAGCGACAGAAGGAC |
Reverse primer | AGGCATCTTGTTTGGGAATGTG | |
CPT-1α | Forward primer | CTCCGCCTGAGCCATGAAG |
Reverse primer | CACCAGTGATGATGCCATTCT | |
GLUT4 | Forward primer | GTGACTGGAACACTGGTCCTA |
Reverse primer | CCAGCCACGTTGCATTGTAG |
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Li, Q.; Jiang, X.; Zhou, Y.; Gu, Y.; Ding, Y.; Luo, J.; Pang, N.; Sun, Y.; Pei, L.; Pan, J.; et al. Improving Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle Contributes to the Amelioration of Insulin Resistance by Nicotinamide Riboside. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210015
Li Q, Jiang X, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Ding Y, Luo J, Pang N, Sun Y, Pei L, Pan J, et al. Improving Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle Contributes to the Amelioration of Insulin Resistance by Nicotinamide Riboside. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(12):10015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210015
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Qiuyan, Xuye Jiang, Yujia Zhou, Yingying Gu, Yijie Ding, Jing Luo, Nengzhi Pang, Yan Sun, Lei Pei, Jie Pan, and et al. 2023. "Improving Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle Contributes to the Amelioration of Insulin Resistance by Nicotinamide Riboside" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12: 10015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210015