Bromotyrosine-Derived Metabolites from a Marine Sponge Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Ianthelliformisamines and Antibiotics
2.2. Ianthelliformisamines A–C (1–3) Synergistically Interact with Ciprofloxacin to Inhibit Biofilm Formation
2.3. Influence of Ianthelliformisamines A–C (1–3) on the Outer Membrane Integrity
2.4. Efflux Assay
2.5. Do Ianthelliformisamines A–C (1–3) Share the Same Mode of Action with Ciprofloxacin?
2.6. Effect of Ianthelliformisamines A–C (1–3) on HEK293 Cells
2.7. Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging Demonstrates Synergism between Ianthelliformisamines A–C (1–3) and Ciprofloxacin
2.8. In Vitro Metabolism of Ianthelliformisamines A–C (1–3)
2.9. Positive Controls
2.10. Ianthelliformisamine A (1)
2.11. Ianthelliformisamine B (2)
2.12. Ianthelliformisamine C (3)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Strains, Chemicals and Media
4.2. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
4.3. Biofilm Inhibition Assay
4.4. Checkerboard Assay
4.5. Ethidium Bromide Efflux Assay
4.6. NPN Uptake Assay
4.7. Cellular Bioluminescent Assay
4.8. Cytotoxicity Assay
4.9. Fluorescence Microscopy
4.10. Stability of Ianthelliformisamines A–C (1–3) in Mouse and Human Liver Microsomes
4.10.1. In Vitro Incubation
4.10.2. Analysis
4.10.3. Calculations
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Equation Used | |
---|---|---|---|
Half life | min | t½ = | (3) |
Clint, in vitro | μL/min/mg protein | k × V where V = incubation volume (μL)/microsomal protein (mg) | (4) |
Clint | mL/min/kg | Clint, in vitro × × | (5) |
Clblood | mL/min/kg | where Q = hepatic blood flow (mL/min/kg body weight) | (6) |
EH 1,2 | --- | = | (7) |
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Tran, T.M.T.; Addison, R.S.; Davis, R.A.; Rehm, B.H.A. Bromotyrosine-Derived Metabolites from a Marine Sponge Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210204
Tran TMT, Addison RS, Davis RA, Rehm BHA. Bromotyrosine-Derived Metabolites from a Marine Sponge Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(12):10204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210204
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Tam M. T., Russell S. Addison, Rohan A. Davis, and Bernd H. A. Rehm. 2023. "Bromotyrosine-Derived Metabolites from a Marine Sponge Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12: 10204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210204