Separation of Palladium from Alkaline Cyanide Solutions through Microemulsion Extraction Using Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Extraction Behavior
2.1.1. Influence of Oscillation Time
2.1.2. Influence of Ionic Liquid Concentration
2.1.3. Influence of pH
2.1.4. Influence of the Phase Ratio (Water/Organic)
2.1.5. Influence of NaBr Concentration
2.1.6. Stripping of Palladium
2.1.7. Effect of Stripping Extraction Time
2.1.8. Extraction of Palladium from Mixed Metal Solution
2.1.9. Reusability of [BUIm]Br/n-Heptane/n-Pentanol/NaCl Microemulsion System
2.2. Mechanistic Analysis
2.2.1. Conductivity of Microemulsions
2.2.2. UV Spectra Analysis
2.2.3. 1H NMR and Infrared Spectra Analysis
2.2.4. MS Analysis
2.2.5. Job’s Method
2.2.6. Influence of Temperature
2.3. Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study
2.3.1. Analysis of Ion Exchange Products
2.3.2. Analysis of Extractant in the Organic Phase
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Instruments and Reagents
3.2. Synthesis of Ionic Liquids
3.3. Preparation of ILs/n-Heptane/n-Pentanol/NaCl Microemulsion
3.4. Extraction Process
3.5. Recovery of Palladium from the Organic Phase
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reverse Extractant | Extraction Rate (%) | Stripping Extraction (%) |
---|---|---|
KBr | 99.7 | 76.1 |
KI | 99.8 | 91.6 |
NaOH | 99.8 | 7.9 |
KSCN | 99.8 | 99.5 |
E% | S% | R% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 mol·L−1 KCl | 0.5 mol·L−1 KSCN | |||
Pd(CN)42− | 99.2 | 2.9 | 96.1 | 95.3 |
Fe(CN)63− | 98.7 | 97.8 | - | 96.5 |
Co(CN)63− | 98.5 | 98.0 | - | 96.5 |
Time | Extraction Rate (%) | Recovery Rate (%) |
---|---|---|
1 | 99.2 | 96.5 |
2 | 98.5 | 94.8 |
3 | 97.3 | 93.2 |
4 | 94.8 | 91.6 |
5 | 94.8 | 90.7 |
[BUIm]Br Bands (cm−1) | [BUIm]Br-Pd (II) Bands (cm−1) | Vibration |
---|---|---|
3424 | 3425 | stretching vibration of –OH |
3133 | 3140 | =C–H stretching of imidazolium ring |
3071 | 3090 | C–H stretching near imidazolium ring |
2963 | 2959 | C–H stretching of CH3 |
2854 | 2856 | C–H stretching of CH2 |
- | 2126 | C≡N stretching vibration of Pd(CN)42− |
1632 | 1642 | C=C stretching of imidazolium ring |
1563 | 1565 | C=N stretching of imidazolium ring |
1465 | 1466 | C–H stretching of CH2 |
Temperature (K) | ΔG (KJ mol−1) | ΔH (KJ mol−1) | ΔS (J mol−1 K−1) |
---|---|---|---|
298 | −19.10 | −38.37 | −64.82 |
303 | −18.71 | ||
308 | −18.32 | ||
313 | −18.17 | ||
318 | −17.75 |
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Deng, H.; Liu, C.; Xu, X.; Wu, Y.; Chen, M.; Huang, Z. Separation of Palladium from Alkaline Cyanide Solutions through Microemulsion Extraction Using Imidazolium Ionic Liquids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310709
Deng H, Liu C, Xu X, Wu Y, Chen M, Huang Z. Separation of Palladium from Alkaline Cyanide Solutions through Microemulsion Extraction Using Imidazolium Ionic Liquids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310709
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Hui, Chali Liu, Xin Xu, Yuanyuan Wu, Muhan Chen, and Zhangjie Huang. 2023. "Separation of Palladium from Alkaline Cyanide Solutions through Microemulsion Extraction Using Imidazolium Ionic Liquids" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310709