Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Innate Immunomodulation after Injury
2.1. Inflammatory Phase
2.2. Proliferative Phase
2.3. Resolutive Phase
3. Adaptive Immune Response
4. Distinct Cardiac Macrophage Subsets among the Adult Heart
5. Cardiac Macrophage Recruitment following Myocardial Injury
6. Macrophages and Cardiac Tissue Regeneration
7. Macrophages and Tissue Degeneration during Aging
8. Therapeutic Perspectives
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Types | Phenotype | Activity | Active Molecules |
---|---|---|---|
N1-Neutrophilis | CD11b CD16 CD15 CD87 | Degranulation Phagocytosis Apoptosis | MPO; ROS |
N2-Neutrophilis | CD11b CD206 | Macrophage polarization Angiogenesis Apoptosis | MMP-9; MMP-12, vEGF |
Inflammatory Eosinophils | CD62L− CD49d CD101high | Degranulation Oxidative stress | Il-5; ROS; EPO |
Regulatory Eosinophils | CD62L+ CD101low Sigle-8+ | Macrophage polarization and angiogenesis | Il-4; vEGF; FGF; TGF-β |
Monocytes | Cd14+CD16−/Ly-6Clow CXC3R1 | Secretion of anti-inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines | IL-1β; IL-6; TNFa; NO; TGF-β; vEGF |
M1 Macrophages | CCR2 CD68 MHC II CD86 | Phagocytosis Secretion of inflammatory cytokines | IL-12, IL-23; ROS, NO |
M2 Macrophages | CD206 IL-1Ra TGFβ vEGF | Secretion of anti-inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines | IL-10; IL.1Ra; vEGF; TGF-β |
Mast Cells | CD64 CD117 | Secretion of inflammatory cytokines Degranulation | Histamine; INF-α; IL-6, IFN-γ |
Dendritic Cells | MHC II CD80/CD86 | Antigen presentation | IL-23 IL-10 |
B1- and B2-Lymphocytes | CD19 | Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines | IgM, IgG |
Regulatory B-Lymphocytes | Tim-1 | Chemokine production | IL-10 |
NK-Cells | CD69 | Secretion of inflammatory cytokines | CCL7 IFN-γ |
T-Lymphocytes | CD4+ T-helper CD8+ T-cytotoxic CTLA-4 Tregs | Autoreactivity Secretion of inflammatory cytokines | IFN-γ IL-17 TGF-β |
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Molinaro, C.; Scalise, M.; Leo, I.; Salerno, L.; Sabatino, J.; Salerno, N.; De Rosa, S.; Torella, D.; Cianflone, E.; Marino, F. Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310747
Molinaro C, Scalise M, Leo I, Salerno L, Sabatino J, Salerno N, De Rosa S, Torella D, Cianflone E, Marino F. Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310747
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolinaro, Claudia, Mariangela Scalise, Isabella Leo, Luca Salerno, Jolanda Sabatino, Nadia Salerno, Salvatore De Rosa, Daniele Torella, Eleonora Cianflone, and Fabiola Marino. 2023. "Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310747