Efficacy of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Photodynamic Therapy: A Therapeutic Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Photodynamic Therapy
2.1. Classification of Photosensitizers Used in PDT
PS Name | Class | Chemical Structure | Application | Wavelength | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hematoporphyrin (HpD) | Photofrin | Brain, cervical, endobronchial, oesophageal, bladder and gastric cancers | 30 nm | [21] | |
Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD-MA) | Verteporfin | Basal cell carcinoma | 689 nm | [23] | |
Temoporfin (m-THPC) | Foscan | Head and neck, prostate, and pancreatic cancers | 652 nm | [39] | |
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) | Levulan | Basal cell carcinoma, brain, head and neck and bladder and gynaecological cancers | 375–635 nm | [27] | |
3-[1′-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinylpyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) | Photochlor | Basal cell carcinoma | 665 nm | [40] | |
Gold Nano clustered Hyaluronan Nano-Assemblies | Nano assemblies | Orthotopic breast tumour model | - | [28] | |
Chlorin E6 (Ce6) + Upconversion nanoparticles | Nanoparticles | THP-1 macrophages | 980–405 nm | [29] | |
ICG-loaded nanospheres coated with chitosan | Nanoparticles | Coronavirus disease 2019, Ebola, and AIDS | 800–805 nm | [41] |
2.2. Application of Phytochemicals in PDT
Medicinal Plants | Phytochemicals | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Dicoma anomala | Sesquiterpenes | Breast, lung, prostate cancers | [70] |
Aloe vera | Aloe emodin, Emodin | Head and neck cancer, glioblastoma, colon, breast cancer, and gastric carcinoma | [63,71] |
Curcuma longa | Curcumin | Prostate, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, and head and neck cancers | [72,73] |
Ipomoea mauritiana | Scopoletin | Lung, liver, skin and breast cancer | [74,75,76] |
Berberis aristate | Berberine | Breast and colorectal cancer | [77,78] |
Ficus religiosa | Furanocoumarin | Breast and ovarian cancer | [79,80] |
Rubia cordifolia | Rubiadin | Human cervical, and larynx cancer | [69,81,82,83] |
2.2.1. Nanotechnology
Nanoparticle Name | Structure | Size | Excitation Wavelength (nm) | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) | 30–300 nm | 804–815 nm | Drug delivery, bioceramics, pharmaceutics, and biomedicine | [109,110,111] | |
Liposomes | 0.025–2.5 μm | - | Pharmaceutics, and drug delivery | [112] | |
Micelle | 5–200 nm | 420 nm | Cancer treatment, skin treatment, eye treatment, head and neck cancer treatment, and drug delivery | [95,113] | |
Noncationic polymer nanoparticles | 1–1000 nm | - | Drug delivery, theragnostic and bioimaging | [114] | |
Nanosphere | <100 nm | 615 nm | Drug delivery | [100,115] | |
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | <100 nm | 740 nm | Drug delivery | [100,116] | |
Nanorods | 10–120 nm | 700–800 nm | Electronic, optical, magnetic, and micromechanical devices | [117] | |
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) | 50–1000 nm | 495–515 nm | Drug delivery | [103,118] | |
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) | - | 970 nm | Bio-photonics, and bioimaging | [104,119] | |
Polyamide-amine (PAMAM) | 10–1000 nm | 450 nm | Targeted therapy, diagnostic therapy, and drug delivery | [108,120,121] | |
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | 1–100 nm | 239–314 nm | Drug delivery, cosmetics, health-care, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory | [108,122,123] |
2.2.2. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology
3. Green Nanotechnology
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization
3.1.1. Synthesis Methods
3.1.2. Characterization Methods
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zahra, M.; Chota, A.; Abrahamse, H.; George, B.P. Efficacy of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Photodynamic Therapy: A Therapeutic Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310931
Zahra M, Chota A, Abrahamse H, George BP. Efficacy of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Photodynamic Therapy: A Therapeutic Approach. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310931
Chicago/Turabian StyleZahra, Mehak, Alexander Chota, Heidi Abrahamse, and Blassan P. George. 2023. "Efficacy of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Photodynamic Therapy: A Therapeutic Approach" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310931