Molecular Biological Effects of Weak Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields: Frequency–Amplitude Efficiency Windows and Possible Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Resonance-like Biological Responses to LFMF
3. Early Biophysical Models of Resonance-like Biological Effects of LFMF
3.1. Ions as Primary Targets
3.2. Magnetic Moments as Primary Targets
3.3. Some Inconsistencies in Biophysical Models
4. Radical Pair Magnetoreception and Its Application to the Effects of Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields
5. Future Prospects
5.1. Incomprehension of the Molecular Pathways Forming Magnetobiological Effects
5.2. Oscillating Biochemical Processes as a Reason for Resonance-like Responses of Biological Systems to LFMF
- Radical pairs are the main target for LFMF’s influence on organisms. If radical pairs emerge in biochemical processes that oscillate in cells with the frequency f OSC, and this emerging occurs in a specific phase of the oscillations, then the manifestation of biological effects can depend on the frequency of LFMF.
- The altered or “signal” state of a given oscillating process depends on the ratio of the singlet and triplet yields of the radical-pair reaction included in it.
- If an external LFMF with frequency f = f OSC and amplitude BAC parallel to the static (geomagnetic) field (BDC) is applied to such an oscillating chemical process, then due to the negligible lifetime of radical pairs and depending on phase coincidence, some radical pairs of the biochemical oscillators will be located at the resulting magnetic field BDC + BAC throughout the whole LFMF exposure. The same part of the oscillators will generate radical pairs exposed to BDC − BAC throughout the whole LFMF exposure. Most of the radical pairs will be under a “quasistatic” magnetic field with the intensity from BDC − BAC to BDC + BAC throughout the exposure.
- According to Hore [83], changes in the ratio of singlet and triplet yields of a biradical reaction in response to LFMF occur if there is non-linear dependence between the singlet–triplet reaction yields and the magnetic field strength within limits from BDC − BAC to BDC + BAC (Figure 2B). Synchronization of LFMF frequency with the frequency of chemical oscillations provides a quasistatic “effective” magnetic field for radical pairs in a portion of chemical oscillators. The ratio of triplet and singlet yields for this portion of oscillators will differ from the state for the rest of the oscillators throughout the whole LFMF exposure due to the non-linear dependence between the triplet and singlet yields and magnetic field intensity as the “low field effect”. A notable change in LFMF frequency (f ≠ f OSC) leads to a condition where radical pairs regularly generated by a chemical oscillator will experience quasistatic magnetic fields of different intensities at different moments. The disappearance of the biological effect at a changed non-resonant LFMF frequency can be a consequence of the inability to maintain a “signal” state of the portion of the biochemical oscillators throughout the LFMF exposure. It ensures the appearance of frequency windows of magnetobiological effects.
- The “low field effect” [89] provides “non-linear dependence” conditions; therefore, the biologically effective amplitude of the LFMF exists for a specific radical-pair reaction. A change in this amplitude can shift the magnetic field intensity values to the area of linear dependence, which leads to the absence of a biological effect (Figure 2A). It explains the amplitude windows of the LFMF efficiency.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Krylov, V.V.; Osipova, E.A. Molecular Biological Effects of Weak Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields: Frequency–Amplitude Efficiency Windows and Possible Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310989
Krylov VV, Osipova EA. Molecular Biological Effects of Weak Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields: Frequency–Amplitude Efficiency Windows and Possible Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310989
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrylov, Viacheslav V., and Elena A. Osipova. 2023. "Molecular Biological Effects of Weak Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields: Frequency–Amplitude Efficiency Windows and Possible Mechanisms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310989