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Article

The Influence of Pedo-Climatic Conditions on the Micromorphological, Phytochemical Features, and Biological Properties of Leaves of Saponaria sicula Raf

by
Laura Cornara
1,
Paola Malaspina
1,*,
Federica Betuzzi
1,
Emilio Di Gristina
2,
Manuela D’Arrigo
3,
Mariarosaria Ingegneri
3,
Domenico Trombetta
3 and
Antonella Smeriglio
3,*
1
Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
2
Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
3
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(14), 11693; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411693
Submission received: 30 June 2023 / Revised: 17 July 2023 / Accepted: 18 July 2023 / Published: 20 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotic and Abiotic Stressors in Plant Metabolism)
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Abstract

Saponaria sicula Raf. grows in Sicily, Sardinia, and Algeria on limestone cliffs and volcanic sands 1300–2500 m above sea level. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the pedo-climatic conditions influence the micromorphological, phytochemical, and biological properties of Sicilian S. sicula leaves collected in the Madonie Mountains (SsM) and on Etna Mt (SsE). Micromorphological investigations revealed that leaves from SsM had a higher amount of calcium oxalate druses in the mesophyll and a more intense blue–green staining with Toluidine blue O, indicating a higher content of polyphenols. These data were confirmed by phytochemical analyses carried out on hydroalcoholic extracts, which showed a higher content of total phenols (8.56 ± 0.57 g GAE/100 g DE) and flavonoids (6.09 ± 0.17 g RE/100 g DE) in SsM. Sixty-four compounds were identified by LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis with propelargonidin dimer as the most abundant compound (10.49% and 10.19% in SsM and SsE, respectively). The higher polyphenol content of SsM leaves matches also with their biological activity, identifying SsM extract as the strongest plant complex (IC50 2.75–477.30 µg/mL). In conclusion, the present study experimentally demonstrates that not only climatic differences but also soil characteristics affect the micromorphological, phytochemical, and biological features of this plant species.
Keywords: Saponaria sicula Raf.; soapwort; pedo-climatic conditions; anatomical features; micromorphology; secondary metabolites; phytochemical profile; polyphenols; antioxidant activity; anti-inflammatory activity Saponaria sicula Raf.; soapwort; pedo-climatic conditions; anatomical features; micromorphology; secondary metabolites; phytochemical profile; polyphenols; antioxidant activity; anti-inflammatory activity
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MDPI and ACS Style

Cornara, L.; Malaspina, P.; Betuzzi, F.; Di Gristina, E.; D’Arrigo, M.; Ingegneri, M.; Trombetta, D.; Smeriglio, A. The Influence of Pedo-Climatic Conditions on the Micromorphological, Phytochemical Features, and Biological Properties of Leaves of Saponaria sicula Raf. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 11693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411693

AMA Style

Cornara L, Malaspina P, Betuzzi F, Di Gristina E, D’Arrigo M, Ingegneri M, Trombetta D, Smeriglio A. The Influence of Pedo-Climatic Conditions on the Micromorphological, Phytochemical Features, and Biological Properties of Leaves of Saponaria sicula Raf. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(14):11693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411693

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cornara, Laura, Paola Malaspina, Federica Betuzzi, Emilio Di Gristina, Manuela D’Arrigo, Mariarosaria Ingegneri, Domenico Trombetta, and Antonella Smeriglio. 2023. "The Influence of Pedo-Climatic Conditions on the Micromorphological, Phytochemical Features, and Biological Properties of Leaves of Saponaria sicula Raf" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14: 11693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411693

APA Style

Cornara, L., Malaspina, P., Betuzzi, F., Di Gristina, E., D’Arrigo, M., Ingegneri, M., Trombetta, D., & Smeriglio, A. (2023). The Influence of Pedo-Climatic Conditions on the Micromorphological, Phytochemical Features, and Biological Properties of Leaves of Saponaria sicula Raf. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(14), 11693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411693

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