Antioxidants Amelioration Is Insufficient to Prevent Acrylamide and Alpha-Solanine Synergistic Toxicity in BEAS-2B Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cell Morphology and Protein Expression of AKT and Its Downstream Genes
2.1.1. Effects of Antioxidants, Toxicants, and Toxins on Cell Morphology
2.1.2. Change in Nucleic AcidsChanges in DNA
Change in RNA
- D2S123 (Forward Primer: 5′-AAACAGGATGCCTGCCTTTA-3′ and Reverse Primer: 5′-GGACTTTCCACCTATGGGAC-3′ (>chr2: 51,061,299 + 51,061,509, size 211 bp).
- AKT2 (Forward Primer: 5′-CTTTGTCATACGCTGCCTGCAGT-3′ and Reverse Primer: 5′-TCTCCTCACACCAGGCTTGCTC-3′ (>chr19: 40,255,100 + 40,255,229, size 130 bp).
- Mitochondrial CO1 (MT-CO1) (Forward Primer: 5′-GGAGCTTTGGCAACTGACT-3′ and Reverse Primer: 5′-CTGCTAGGTGTAAGGAGAAGATGG-3′ (>chrM: 6130 + 6363, size 234 bp).
Change in RNA
- The hsa-Let-7c primer set (Forward Primer: 5′-GTTGTATGGTTTAGAGTTACAC-3′ and Reverse Primer: 5′-GCTCCAAGGAAAGCTAGAAGGTT-3′ (>chr21: 16,539,849 + 16,539,911, size 63 bp).
- The PP2A primer set (Forward Primer: 5′-CAAATGGAAGCGTTCTCAGGCATAC-3′ and Reverse Primer: 5′-TTCCTCATGAACCTCATTCCACATCTC-3′ (cDNA NM_178001.3 and chr9: 129,111,415 − 129,148,946) (>chr9: 129,111,711 + 129,111,841, size 130 bp).
2.1.3. Protein Expression of AKT and Its Downstream Genes
2.1.4. Signal Value of Protein Expression and Statistical Significance Test of One-Way ANOVA: AKT, Bcl-xL, Bax, CASP3, and CASP9
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture of BEAS-2B Cells and Cell Exposure
4.2. Cell Morphological Analysis
4.3. DNA, RNA, and Proteins Extractions
4.3.1. DNA
4.3.2. Total RNA
4.3.3. Protein
4.3.4. Complementary DNA (cDNA) Synthesis
4.3.5. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Gel Electrophoresis
4.3.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Groups | N | Mean | Std. Dev. | Std. Error |
---|---|---|---|---|
AKT | 7 | 1.1483 | 0.4514 | 0.1706 |
Bcl-xL | 7 | 2.8488 | 5.4624 | 2.0646 |
Bax | 7 | 0.3373 | 0.314 | 0.1187 |
CASP3 | 7 | 0.2486 | 0.3725 | 0.1408 |
CASP9 | 7 | 0.179 | 0.2327 | 0.0879 |
Source | Degrees of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Stat | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DF | SS | MS | |||
Between Groups | 4 | 35.7458 | 8.9364 | 1.4731 | 0.2351 |
Within Groups | 30 | 181.9985 | 6.0666 | ||
Total: | 34 | 217.7442 |
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Eltayeb, H.A.; Stewart, L.; Morgem, M.; Johnson, T.; Nguyen, M.; Earl, K.; Sodipe, A.; Jackson, D.; Olufemi, S.-E. Antioxidants Amelioration Is Insufficient to Prevent Acrylamide and Alpha-Solanine Synergistic Toxicity in BEAS-2B Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 11956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241511956
Eltayeb HA, Stewart L, Morgem M, Johnson T, Nguyen M, Earl K, Sodipe A, Jackson D, Olufemi S-E. Antioxidants Amelioration Is Insufficient to Prevent Acrylamide and Alpha-Solanine Synergistic Toxicity in BEAS-2B Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(15):11956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241511956
Chicago/Turabian StyleEltayeb, Hoda Awad, Leandra Stewart, Mounira Morgem, Tommie Johnson, Michael Nguyen, Kadeshia Earl, Ayodotun Sodipe, Desirée Jackson, and Shodimu-Emmanuel Olufemi. 2023. "Antioxidants Amelioration Is Insufficient to Prevent Acrylamide and Alpha-Solanine Synergistic Toxicity in BEAS-2B Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15: 11956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241511956