Brainstem Modulates Parkinsonism-Induced Orofacial Sensorimotor Dysfunctions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. 6-OHDA Nigrostriatal Lesion Characterization and AIMs Scores
2.2. Orofacial Hyperalgesia Induced by 6-OHDA Lesion and LID
2.3. Parkinson’s Disease and LID Impact on Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
2.4. Is the Trigeminal System Mobilized Due to Orofacial Changes Induced by 6-OHDA Lesion and LID?
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Subjects
4.2. Drugs
4.3. A Dopaminergic Lesion with the Neurotoxin 6-Hydroxydopamine
4.4. L-DOPA-Induced Abnormal Involuntary Movements (AIMs)
4.5. Nociceptive Analysis—Orofacial Formalin Test
4.6. Animal Euthanasia
4.7. Immunohistochemistry
4.8. Metabolism Profile—Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity (SDH)
4.9. Morphometric Analysis
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nascimento, G.C.; Jacob, G.; Milan, B.A.; Leal-Luiz, G.; Malzone, B.L.; Vivanco-Estela, A.N.; Escobar-Espinal, D.; Dias, F.J.; Del-Bel, E. Brainstem Modulates Parkinsonism-Induced Orofacial Sensorimotor Dysfunctions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 12270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512270
Nascimento GC, Jacob G, Milan BA, Leal-Luiz G, Malzone BL, Vivanco-Estela AN, Escobar-Espinal D, Dias FJ, Del-Bel E. Brainstem Modulates Parkinsonism-Induced Orofacial Sensorimotor Dysfunctions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(15):12270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512270
Chicago/Turabian StyleNascimento, Glauce Crivelaro, Gabrielle Jacob, Bruna Araujo Milan, Gabrielli Leal-Luiz, Bruno Lima Malzone, Airam Nicole Vivanco-Estela, Daniela Escobar-Espinal, Fernando José Dias, and Elaine Del-Bel. 2023. "Brainstem Modulates Parkinsonism-Induced Orofacial Sensorimotor Dysfunctions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15: 12270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512270