E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 Biomarkers Address the Concern of the Challenging Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 as Biomarkers for the Presence of ILD in RA Patients
2.2. ICAM-1 Implicated in the Presence of ILD in SSc Patients
2.3. Association of E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 with Clinical Characteristics of Patients with RA-ILD+ and SSc-ILD+
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Population
4.2. Determination of E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 Serum Levels
4.3. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AUC (95% CI) | p | Optimal Cutoff Value | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA-ILD+ vs. RA-ILD− | |||||
E-selectin | 0.78 (0.64–0.92) | <0.01 | 74.56 ng/mL | 60.00 | 95.83 |
ICAM-1 | 0.72 (0.57–0.87) | 0.01 | 451.70 ng/mL | 85.00 | 52.00 |
ET-1 | 0.77 (0.62–0.91) | <0.01 | 1.02 pg/mL | 57.89 | 86.96 |
SSc-ILD+ vs. SSc-ILD− | |||||
ICAM-1 | 0.79 (0.65–0.94) | <0.01 | 484.70 ng/mL | 63.2 | 94.7 |
E-Selectin Serum Levels | ICAM-1 Serum Levels | ET-1 Serum Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | r | p | r | p | r | p |
Duration of RA (years) | −0.42 | 0.10 | −0.33 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
CRP (mg/dL) | −0.22 | 0.43 | −0.17 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.23 |
ESR (mm/1st hour) | −0.08 | 0.77 | 0.17 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.82 |
FVC (% predicted) | 0.00 | 0.99 | −0.39 | 0.15 | −0.56 | 0.04 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 0.05 | 0.87 | −0.33 | 0.24 | −0.65 | 0.01 |
DLCO (% predicted) | 0.03 | 0.93 | −0.21 | 0.59 | −0.13 | 0.76 |
Category | Mean ± SD (ng/mL) | p | Mean ± SD (ng/mL) | p | Mean ± SD (pg/mL) | p |
RF− | 105.52 ± 39.58 | 0.44 | 674.47 ± 132.40 | 0.31 | 1.27 ± 0.34 | 0.94 |
RF+ | 73.97 ± 20.23 | 540.51 ± 117.69 | 1.17 ± 0.34 | |||
ACPA− | 86.65 | 0.74 | 502.00 | 0.64 | 0.87 | 0.28 |
ACPA+ | 76.77 ± 24.01 | 564.98 ± 129.34 | 1.20 ± 0.33 | |||
UIP HRCT Pattern | 83.81 ± 26.05 | 0.09 | 545.13 ± 120.36 | 0.99 | 1.19 ± 0.30 | 0.90 |
NSIP HRCT Pattern | 65.51 ± 14.90 | 539.37 ± 135.50 | 1.17 ± 0.37 |
E-Selectin Serum Levels | ICAM-1 Serum Levels | ET-1 Serum Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | r | p | r | p | r | p |
Duration of SSc (years) | −0.19 | 0.45 | −0.33 | 0.22 | −0.02 | 0.96 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 0.23 | 0.48 |
ESR (mm/1st hour) | 0.12 | 0.69 | 0.15 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.12 |
FVC (% predicted) | −0.64 | <0.01 | −0.41 | 0.11 | −0.41 | 0.12 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | −0.56 | 0.02 | −0.37 | 0.16 | −0.32 | 0.22 |
DLCO (% predicted) | −0.56 | 0.02 | −0.41 | 0.11 | −0.47 | 0.07 |
Category | Mean ± SD (ng/mL) | p | Mean ± SD (ng/mL) | p | Mean ± SD (pg/mL) | p |
ANA− | 65.21 | 0.76 | 534.00 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.83 |
ANA+ | 84.10 ± 37.35 | 511.91 ± 120.47 | 1.42 ± 0.83 | |||
ACA− | 85.39 ± 36.17 | 0.27 | 522.32 ± 113.70 | 0.19 | 1.37 ± 0.84 | 0.79 |
ACA+ | 40.69 | 357.00 | 1.66 | |||
ATA− | 68.46 ± 34.43 | 0.07 | 487.58 ± 118.87 | 0.17 | 1.32 ± 0.88 | 0.72 |
ATA+ | 97.84 ± 34.11 | 538.70 ± 116.11 | 1.45 ± 0.80 | |||
UIP HRCT Pattern | 99.69 ± 43.67 | 0.17 | 542.40 ± 130.37 | 0.10 | 1.42 ± 0.59 | 0.33 |
NSIP HRCT Pattern | 80.93 ± 34.16 | 496.98 ± 113.98 | 1.40 ± 0.89 |
Study Objective Groups | Comparison Groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA-ILD+ n = 21 | SSc-ILD+ n = 21 | RA-ILD− n = 25 | SSc-ILD n = 20 | IPF n = 21 | |
Sex (women), n (%) | 9 (45.9) | 13 (61.9) | 15 (60.0) | 18 (90.0) | 7 (33.3) |
Age at study (years), mean ± SD | 66.5 ± 10.1 | 60.3 ± 7.0 | 60.1 ± 11.8 | 56.6 ± 15.4 | 69.2 ± 10.0 |
Smoking ever, n (%) | 13 (65.0) | 11 (52.4) | 13 (52.0) | 11 (55.0) | 16 (76.2) |
AD duration (years), mean ± SD | 9.2 ± 10.2 | 10.8 ± 8.3 | 4.1 ± 7.4 | 9.6 ± 8.1 | - |
CRP (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | - |
ESR (mm/1st hour), mean ± SD | 22.8 ± 27.2 | 20.1 ± 15.9 | 14.4 ± 12.4 | 17.2 ± 13.4 | - |
Antibody status | |||||
RF+, n (%) | 17 (81.0) | - | 11 (44.0) | - | - |
ACPA+, n (%) | 19 (90.4) | - | 15 (60.0) | - | - |
ANA+, n (%) | - | 19 (95.0) | - | 18 (90.0) | - |
ACA+, n (%) | - | 1 (5.0) | - | 9 (45.0) | - |
ATA (anti-Scl70) +, n (%) | - | 10 (50.0) | - | 4 (20.0) | - |
Pulmonary function tests | |||||
FVC (% predicted), mean ± SD | 95.2 ± 24.1 | 88.4 ± 27.1 | 99.2 ± 16.0 | 106.6 ± 15.9 | 84.9 ± 14.7 |
FEV1 (% predicted), mean ± SD | 92.2 ± 21.0 | 87.3 ± 25.6 | 94.9 ± 22.0 | 101.9 ± 17.8 | 87.3 ± 19.6 |
DLCO (% predicted), mean ± SD | 43.3 ± 15.9 | 47.5 ± 19.5 | 79.9 ± 20.0 | 71.5 ± 15.3 | 43.6 ± 18.4 |
HRCT | |||||
Pulmonary involvement in HRCT, n (%) | 21 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 21 (100.0) |
UIP pattern, n (%) | 11 (52.4) | 3 (14.3) | - | - | 21 (100.0) |
Probable UIP pattern, n (%) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (14.3) | - | - | 0 (0.0) |
NSIP pattern, n (%) | 7 (33.3) | 14 (66.7) | - | - | 0 (0.0) |
Non-NSIP pattern, n (%) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (4.7) | - | - | 0 (0.0) |
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Pulito-Cueto, V.; Remuzgo-Martínez, S.; Genre, F.; Atienza-Mateo, B.; Mora-Cuesta, V.M.; Iturbe-Fernández, D.; Lera-Gómez, L.; Mora-Gil, M.S.; Portilla, V.; Corrales, A.; et al. E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 Biomarkers Address the Concern of the Challenging Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 12518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512518
Pulito-Cueto V, Remuzgo-Martínez S, Genre F, Atienza-Mateo B, Mora-Cuesta VM, Iturbe-Fernández D, Lera-Gómez L, Mora-Gil MS, Portilla V, Corrales A, et al. E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 Biomarkers Address the Concern of the Challenging Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(15):12518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512518
Chicago/Turabian StylePulito-Cueto, Verónica, Sara Remuzgo-Martínez, Fernanda Genre, Belén Atienza-Mateo, Víctor M. Mora-Cuesta, David Iturbe-Fernández, Leticia Lera-Gómez, María Sebastián Mora-Gil, Virginia Portilla, Alfonso Corrales, and et al. 2023. "E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and ET-1 Biomarkers Address the Concern of the Challenging Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15: 12518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512518