Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Biogenesis, Contents, and Imaging of EVs
2.1. Biogenesis of EVs
2.2. Contents of EVs
2.3. Imaging of EVs
3. EVs in Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.1. The Potential Roles of EVs in Dementia and MCI
EV Types | Roles | Related Disease | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Microglial MV | Conversion of Aβ from normal to pathogenic forms by lipids | MCI | [115] |
Microglial EVs | Induce neuronal damage by increasing genesis and release of Aβ | MCI | [99] |
Cerebral endothelial EVs | Prevent neurogenesis and enhance cognitive dysfunction in diabetic conditions | Dementia | [98] |
Neuron EXs | Spreading hsp60 proteins to astrocytes | Diabetic-associated vascular dementia | [100] |
Circulating EVs in plasma | Biomarker | MCI | [107] |
Astrocyte-sourced EVs in plasma and CSF | Biomarker | FTLD | [105,108] |
Circulating EVs in plasma/blood/serum and CSF | Biomarker | DLB | [111,112,113,114] |
3.2. The Potential Roles of EVs in AD
3.3. The Potential Roles of EVs in PD
3.4. The Promise of EVs in Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases
4. Summary, Limitations, and Future Directions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EV Source | Contents | Involvement of EV in AD and PD Progression/Diagnosis | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Endothelial cells | Aβ | Carry toxic proteins across the BBB. | [95] |
Brain-derived EVs | AD | Carry pathological biomaterials (Aβ and tau) and glial-specific molecules (ANXA5, VGF, GPM6A, and ACTZ) | [118] |
Neuron | Aβ | Spread between neurons in a prion-like manner, or from neurons to microglia. | [123,130] |
Aβ and tau proteins, and miRNA/mRNA | Biomarker sourced from blood/plasma samples. | [128,129,130,132] | |
Toxic tau proteins | Biomarker derived from CSF samples | [126] | |
Astrocytes | Aβ | Trafficked from astrocytes to neurons | [127] |
Inflammatory proteins | Biomarker from blood/plasma samples | [131] | |
Aβ and tau proteins | Biomarker from blood/plasma samples | [105,127,128] | |
Microglia | Aβ | Distribute to other microglial or neuron cells. | [115,122,130] |
Tau | Contribute to the progression of tauopathy by spreading tau to other brain cells. | [120] | |
miRNA | Biomarker | [135] |
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Sigdel, S.; Swenson, S.; Wang, J. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713161
Sigdel S, Swenson S, Wang J. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(17):13161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713161
Chicago/Turabian StyleSigdel, Smara, Sabrina Swenson, and Jinju Wang. 2023. "Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17: 13161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713161