The Ins and Outs of Clusterin: Its Role in Cancer, Eye Diseases and Wound Healing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. CLU Expression
1.3. Functions
2. Gene and Protein Structure
2.1. CLU Gene
2.2. CLU Protein and Biosynthesis
2.3. CLU Protein Isoforms
2.3.1. CLU Secretory Isoform (sCLU)
2.3.2. CLU Nuclear Isoform (nCLU)
3. Clusterin Gene Regulation
3.1. Epigenetic Regulation
3.1.1. Modification of Histones
3.1.2. DNA Methylation
3.1.3. MicroRNA
3.2. Stress-Inducible Genes
3.3. Transcription Factors
3.3.1. AP-1
3.3.2. MYC and Ha-RAS
3.3.3. NF-κB
3.3.4. IGFR Pathway
3.3.5. YB-1 and HIF-1a Signaling
3.3.6. PAX6
3.3.7. Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)
3.3.8. Hormonal Regulation of CLU Gene Expression
4. Clusterin in Tissue Remodeling
4.1. Differentiation
4.2. Migration and Invasion
4.3. Proliferation
4.4. Apoptosis vs. Cytoprotection
5. Clusterin and Cancer
5.1. Clusterin Isoforms’ Function in Cancer Progression
5.2. Tumorigenesis
5.3. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis
5.4. CLU Oncogenic Biomarker
5.5. Chemoresistance and Chemosensitivity with Clusterin
5.6. Clinical Trials of CLU Inhibitors
6. Clusterin in the Eye: Relationship with Eye Disorders
6.1. The Anterior Segment of the Eye
6.1.1. Dry Eye Disease (DED)
6.1.2. Corneal Dystrophies
6.1.3. Stem Cell Culture and Transplantation on the Ocular Surface
6.1.4. Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma
6.2. The Posterior Segment of the Eye
6.2.1. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
6.2.2. Retinal Diseases
6.2.3. Uveal Melanoma (UM)
7. Clusterin and Wound Healing: The Tissue-Engineered Human Cornea as a Model
8. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Structure | CLU Expression | Pathology | Function |
---|---|---|---|
Cornea | Yes | LSCD |
|
Dystrophies (lattice corneal dystrophy type 1, gelatinous drop-like dystrophy, non-amyloid deposits in granular corneal dystrophy type 2 and Fuch’s dystrophy) |
| ||
DED | |||
Anterior chamber (aquous humor) | Yes | AMD |
|
Iris | Yes | PXG |
|
Posterior chamber | Yes | ||
Ciliary body | Yes | PXG |
|
Vitreous body | Yes | UM |
|
Lens | Yes | PXG |
|
Retina | Yes | AMD |
|
DM |
| ||
RP |
| ||
Hemangioblastoma |
| ||
Choroïd | Yes | ||
Sclera | Yes | ||
Optic nerve | Yes | Hemangioblastoma |
|
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Gross, C.; Guérin, L.-P.; Socol, B.G.; Germain, L.; Guérin, S.L. The Ins and Outs of Clusterin: Its Role in Cancer, Eye Diseases and Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713182
Gross C, Guérin L-P, Socol BG, Germain L, Guérin SL. The Ins and Outs of Clusterin: Its Role in Cancer, Eye Diseases and Wound Healing. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(17):13182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713182
Chicago/Turabian StyleGross, Christelle, Louis-Philippe Guérin, Bianca G. Socol, Lucie Germain, and Sylvain L. Guérin. 2023. "The Ins and Outs of Clusterin: Its Role in Cancer, Eye Diseases and Wound Healing" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17: 13182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713182