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Review

Decoding the IL-33/ST2 Axis: Its Impact on the Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer

by
Bojan Stojanovic
1,†,
Nevena Gajovic
2,†,
Milena Jurisevic
3,
Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
2,4,*,
Marina Jovanovic
5,
Ivan Jovanovic
2,
Bojana S. Stojanovic
2,6,* and
Bojan Milosevic
1
1
Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
2
Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
3
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
4
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
5
Department of Otorinolaringology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
6
Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(18), 14026; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814026
Submission received: 10 August 2023 / Revised: 1 September 2023 / Accepted: 7 September 2023 / Published: 13 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Response in Breast Cancer)
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Abstract

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has emerged as a critical cytokine in the regulation of the immune system, showing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer. This review emphasizes the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in breast cancer biology, its contribution to cancer progression and metastasis, its influence on the tumor microenvironment and cancer metabolism, and its potential as a therapeutic target. The IL-33/ST2 axis has been shown to have extensive pro-tumorigenic features in breast cancer, starting from tumor tissue proliferation and differentiation to modulating both cancer cells and anti-tumor immune response. It has also been linked to the resistance of cancer cells to conventional therapeutics. However, the role of IL-33 in cancer therapy remains controversial due to the conflicting effects of IL-33 in tumorigenesis and anti-tumor response. The possibility of targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis in tumor immunotherapy, or as an adjuvant in immune checkpoint blockade therapy, is discussed.
Keywords: Interleukin-33; breast cancer; tumor microenvironment; immunotherapy; metastasis Interleukin-33; breast cancer; tumor microenvironment; immunotherapy; metastasis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Stojanovic, B.; Gajovic, N.; Jurisevic, M.; Stojanovic, M.D.; Jovanovic, M.; Jovanovic, I.; Stojanovic, B.S.; Milosevic, B. Decoding the IL-33/ST2 Axis: Its Impact on the Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814026

AMA Style

Stojanovic B, Gajovic N, Jurisevic M, Stojanovic MD, Jovanovic M, Jovanovic I, Stojanovic BS, Milosevic B. Decoding the IL-33/ST2 Axis: Its Impact on the Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(18):14026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814026

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stojanovic, Bojan, Nevena Gajovic, Milena Jurisevic, Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic, Marina Jovanovic, Ivan Jovanovic, Bojana S. Stojanovic, and Bojan Milosevic. 2023. "Decoding the IL-33/ST2 Axis: Its Impact on the Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18: 14026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814026

APA Style

Stojanovic, B., Gajovic, N., Jurisevic, M., Stojanovic, M. D., Jovanovic, M., Jovanovic, I., Stojanovic, B. S., & Milosevic, B. (2023). Decoding the IL-33/ST2 Axis: Its Impact on the Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(18), 14026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814026

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