Study on Spontaneous Reactivation and Aging of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon in Ten Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sensitivity of AChE to Paraoxon and Malaoxon
2.2. The Spontaneous Reactivation Rate Constants (Ks) of AChE Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon
2.3. The Aging Rate Constant (Ka) of AChE Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sources of Biological Materials
4.2. Chemicals
4.3. Preparation of AChE
4.4. Determination of AChE Activity
4.5. Determination of the Sensitivity of AChE Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon
4.6. Spontaneous Reactivation Rate Constants (Ks) of AChE Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon
4.7. Aging Rate Constants (Ka) of AChE Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon
4.8. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Paraoxon | ||
Toxicity Regression Equation | I50 (mol·L−1) | I90 (mol·L−1) | |
Plutella xylostella (moth) | y = 1.02x + 3.57 | (5.88 ± 0.434) × 10−6 A | (1.297 ± 0.446) × 10−4 |
Prodenia litura (cotton leafworm) | y = 1.25x + 4.61 | (4.46 ± 0.516) × 10−7 B | (5.234 ± 0.592) × 10−6 |
Musca domestica (housefly) | y = 0.87x + 3.94 | (3.17 ± 0.378) × 10−6 C | (1.127 ± 0.064) × 10−4 |
Phyllotreta striolata (flea beetle) | y = 1.10x + 4.83 | (3.27 ± 0.220) × 10−7 D | (4.811 ± 0.285) × 10−6 |
Cotesia plutellae (wasp) | y = 2.49x + 6.19 | (7.21 ± 0.064) × 10−8 E | (2.334 ± 0.004) × 10−7 |
Pteromalus puparum (parasitic wasp) | y = 2.20x + 5.96 | (7.77 ± 0.128) × 10−8 F | (2.973 ± 0.047) × 10−7 |
Propylea japonica (ladybird) | y = 2.11x + 5.79 | (9.85 ± 0.086) × 10−8 G | (4.467 ± 0.077) × 10−7 |
Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) | y = 3.02x + 6.17 | (8.40 ± 0.300) × 10−8 H | (2.308 ± 0.054) × 10−7 |
Carassius auratus (goldfish) | y = 2.45x + 1.18 | (7.50 ± 0.201) × 10−6 I | (2.698 ± 0.112) × 10−5 |
Rana catesbeiana (frog) | y = 2.31x – 1.71 | (1.74 ± 0.006) × 10−4 J | (6.130 ± 0.144) × 10−4 |
Species | Malaoxon | ||
Toxicity Regression Equation | I50 (mol·L−1) | I90 (mol·L−1) | |
Plutella xylostella | y = 1.80x + 1.83 | (1.06 ± 0.022) × 10−5 A * | (4.34 ± 0.146) × 10−5 |
Prodenia litura | y = 1.50x + 3.68 | (1.40 ± 0.026) × 10−6 B * | (9.38 ± 0.671) × 10−6 |
Musca domestica | y = 1.53x + 3.22 | (2.74 ± 0.036) × 10−6 C * | (1.92 ± 0.060) × 10−5 |
Phyllotreta striolata | y = 0.84x + 4.18 | (1.73 ± 0.016) × 10−6 B * | (2.76 ± 0.443) × 10−5 |
Cotesia plutellae | y = 1.85x + 4.36 | (5.21 ± 0.406) × 10−7 D * | (4.30 ± 0.656) × 10−6 |
Pteromalus puparum | y = 2.35x + 4.26 | (3.88 ± 0.055) × 10−7 E * | (1.39 ± 0.038) × 10−6 |
Propylea japonica | y = 1.84x + 3.72 | (9.42 ± 0.321) × 10−7 F * | (3.49 ± 0.077) × 10−6 |
Cavia porcellus | y = 1.63x + 2.33 | (7.74 ± 0.300) × 10−6 G * | (4.72 ± 0.278) × 10−5 |
Carassius auratus | y = 1.23x + 2.88 | (1.02 ± 0.040) × 10−5 A * | (1.10 ± 0.056) × 10−4 |
Rana catesbeiana | y = 2.24x – 0.24 | (3.95 ± 0.097) × 10−5 H * | (1.54 ± 0.062) × 10−4 |
Species | Paraoxon | Malaoxon | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Test Time (h) | Test Concentration (mol·L−1) | Test Time (h) | Test Concentration (mol·L−1) | |
P.X. | 72 | (1.297 ± 0.446) × 10−4 | 48 | (4.34 ± 0.146) × 10−5 |
P.L. | 72 | (5.234 ± 0.592) × 10−6 | 72 | (9.38 ± 0.671) × 10−6 |
M.D. | 72 | (1.127 ± 0.064) × 10−4 | - | (1.92 ± 0.060) × 10−5 |
P.S. | 72 | (4.811 ± 0.285) × 10−6 | 36 | (2.76 ± 0.443) × 10−5 |
C.L. | 72 | (2.334 ± 0.004) × 10−7 | 72 | (4.30 ± 0.656) × 10−6 |
P.P. | 96 | (2.973 ± 0.047) × 10−7 | 72 | (1.39 ± 0.038) × 10−6 |
P.J. | 72 | (4.467 ± 0.077) × 10−7 | 60 | (3.49 ± 0.077) × 10−6 |
C.P. | 60 | (2.308 ± 0.054) × 10−7 | 12 | (4.72 ± 0.278) × 10−5 |
C.A. | 72 | (2.698 ± 0.112) × 10−5 | 8 | (1.10 ± 0.056) × 10−4 |
R.C. | 73 | (6.130 ± 0.144) × 10−4 | - | (1.54 ± 0.062) × 10−4 |
Species | Paraoxon | Malaoxon | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Reactivation (Figure 2A) | Aging (Figure 2B) | Reactivation (Figure 2C) | Aging (Figure 2D) | |
P. xylostella | y = −0.0002x − 0.0896 R2 = 0.9516 | y = −0.0118x − 0.1391 R2 = 0.9821 | y = −0.0018x − 0.0595 R2 = 0.9605 | y = −0.0208x − 0.1452 R2 = 0.9852 |
P. litura | y = −0.0021x − 0.1324 R2 = 0.9758 | y = −0.0025x + 0.0155 R2 = 0.9865 | y = −0.0033x − 0.042 R2 = 0.984 | y = −0.0073x − 0.2411 R2 = 0.9709 |
M. domestica | y = −0.0011x − 0.0634 R2 = 0.9932 | y = −0.0117x − 0.1019 R2 = 0.9955 | - | - |
P. striolata | y = −0.0027x − 0.1249 R2 = 0.9743 | y = −0.0052x − 0.1055 R2 = 0.9853 | y = −0.0028x − 0.1092 R2 = 0.9775 | y = −0.0284x − 0.274 R2 = 0.9656 |
C. plutellae | y = −0.0045x − 0.186 R2 = 0.975 | y = −0.0047x − 0.0154 R2 = 0.9946 | y = −0.0014x − 0.0488 R2 = 0.9743 | y = −0.0112x − 0.2867 R2 = 0.9859 |
P. puparum | y = −0.0021x − 0.2893 R2 = 0.9768 | y = −0.0028x − 0.0866 R2 = 0.9874 | y = −0.0006x − 0.0468 R2 = 0.9012 | y = −0.0116x − 0.2516 R2 = 0.9939 |
P. japonica | y = −0.0046x − 0.2135 R2 = 0.9607 | y = −0.0079x − 0.0518 R2 = 0.9835 | y = −0.0023x − 0.1542 R2 = 0.9042 | y = −0.0131x − 0.0735 R2 = 0.9824 |
C. porcellus | y = −0.0171x − 0.0601 R2 = 0.9589 | y = −0.0047x − 0.0064 R2 = 0.9831 | y = −0.0348x − 0.0262 R2 = 0.9774 | y = −0.0281x − 0.3133 R2 = 0.9891 |
C. auratus | y = −0.0043x − 0.1013 R2 = 0.9776 | y = −0.0053x − 0.0658 R2 = 0.9862 | y = −0.2173x − 0.0816 R2 = 0.9845 | y = −0.1061x + 0.012 R2 = 0.9826 |
R. catesbeiana | y = −0.0021x − 0.0308 R2 = 0.9832 | y = −0.0053x − 0.2359 R2 = 0.9857 | - | - |
Species | Paraoxon (Ks, %/h) | Malaoxon (Ks, %/h) |
---|---|---|
Plutella xylostella | 0.02 ± 0.01 A | 0.18 ± 0.01 A * |
Prodenia litura | 0.20 ± 0.01 B | 0.32 ± 0.02 B * |
Musca domestica | 0.11 ± 0.01 C | - |
Phyllotreta striolata | 0.27 ± 0.02 D | 0.27 ± 0.05 BD |
Cotesia plutellae | 0.45 ± 0.02 E | 0.14 ± 0.03 A * |
Pteromalus puparum | 0.21 ± 0.02 B | 0.05 ± 0.04 C * |
Propylea japonica | 0.45 ± 0.01 E | 0.23 ± 0.03 D * |
Cavia porcellus | 1.71 ± 0.03 F | 3.50 ± 0.10 E * |
Carassius auratus | 0.44 ± 0.02 E | 21.71 ± 0.81 F * |
Rana catesbeiana | 0.22 ± 0.01 B | - |
Species | Paraoxon (Ka, %/h) | Malaoxon (Ka, %/h) |
---|---|---|
Plutella xylostella | 1.18 ± 0.06 A | 2.02 ± 0.07 A * |
Prodenia litura | 0.25 ± 0.02 B | 0.73 ± 0.01 B * |
Musca domestica | 1.17 ± 0.03 A | - |
Phyllotreta striolata | 0.52 ± 0.04 C | 2.84 ± 0.29 C * |
Cotesia plutellae | 0.47 ± 0.03 C | 1.12 ± 0.07 D * |
Pteromalus puparum | 0.28 ± 0.02 D | 1.15 ± 0.03 D * |
Propylea japonica | 0.78 ± 0.07 E | 1.30 ± 0.06 E * |
Cavia porcellus | 0.47 ± 0.02 C | 2.81 ± 0.11 C * |
Carassius auratus | 0.53 ± 0.04 C | 10.59 ± 1.06 F * |
Rana catesbeiana | 0.48 ± 0.05 C | - |
Species | Processing Method |
---|---|
Plutella xylostella (moth) | After eclosion, complete P. xylostella adults were raised for over 24 h using 10% honey water, before being frozen in liquid nitrogen and homogenized with a homogenizer. Approximately 4–5 adults were required per milliliter of homogenate. |
Prodenia litura (cotton leafworm) | Their heads and chests were homogenized, after the freezing of complete adults in liquid nitrogen. Approximately two adult heads and chests were required for each milliliter of uniform slurry. |
Musca domestica (housefly) | Raised with honey water until after M. domestica eclosion, complete adults were placed in liquid nitrogen, and their heads were homogenized. Approximately two M. domestica were required per milliliter of homogenate. |
Phyllotreta striolata (flea beetle) | Complete adults were quickly homogenized, after treatment with liquid nitrogen. Approximately 20 adults were required per milliliter of homogenized liquid. |
Cotesia plutellae (wasp) | Complete adults after eclosion were treated with liquid nitrogen, and then quickly homogenized. Approximately five adults were required per milliliter of homogenized liquid. |
Pteromalus puparum (parasitic wasp) | After eclosion, P. puparums, parasitized within the puparium, were treated with liquid nitrogen, and quickly homogenized. Approximately 6–8 mL of homogenate can be prepared from the adult P. puparums produced by one bee pupa. |
Propylea japonica (ladybird) | The head and chest were homogenized after the treatment of complete adults with liquid nitrogen. Approximately five adults were required for each milliliter of homogenate. |
Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) | The brain of C. porcellus was homogenized at a ratio of 1:20 (w/v). |
Carassius auratus (goldfish) | The brain of C. auratus was homogenized at a ratio of 1:20 (w/v). |
Rana catesbeiana (frog) | The brain of R. catesbeiana was homogenized at a ratio of 1:20 (w/v). |
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Gao, M.; Ni, Z.; Li, G.; Wu, G.; Huang, B. Study on Spontaneous Reactivation and Aging of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon in Ten Species. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814213
Gao M, Ni Z, Li G, Wu G, Huang B. Study on Spontaneous Reactivation and Aging of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon in Ten Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(18):14213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814213
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Mingwei, Zhongwen Ni, Guo Li, Gang Wu, and Binbin Huang. 2023. "Study on Spontaneous Reactivation and Aging of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Paraoxon and Malaoxon in Ten Species" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18: 14213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814213