Channeling the Natural Properties of Sindbis Alphavirus for Targeted Tumor Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Alphavirus Vectors
1.2. Alphavirus Vectors as an Oncolytic-Virus-Mediated Therapy
2. Development of Sindbis Virus as an Effective Vector for Cancer Treatment
2.1. Vector Safety
2.2. Early Investigations: Engineered Targeting
2.3. In Vivo Imaging Studies
2.4. Sindbis Virus Infection, Tumor Targeting, and the 67 kDa Laminin Receptor
2.5. LAMR as a Cancer Therapy Target
2.6. LAMR as a Receptor for Other Viruses
2.7. Additional Alphavirus Receptors
3. The Delivery of Anti-Tumor Agents
3.1. Cytokines
3.2. Tumor-Associated Antigens
The Modification of TAAs
4. Combination Therapy with Immunomodulatory Proteins
4.1. SV-NYESO1 and PD-1 Antibody
4.2. SV Vector and 4-1BB Agonistic Antibody
4.3. SV.IL12 and Anti-OX40 Antibody
4.4. SV Vector Expressing αOX40
4.5. Alphavirus Combined with Immunotherapy
5. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vector/Agent | Delivery | Cancer | Immune Response | Clinical Outcome | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SV-NY-ESO-1 + PD-1 (VPR) | i.p. | colon | T cell activation TILs | tumor growth inhibition | [3] |
SV + 4-1BB (VRP) | i.p. | B cell Lymphoma | T cell activation | tumor growth inhibition, protection against rechallenge | [147] |
SV-IL12 (VPR) SV-IL12 + OX40 | i.p. | colon prostate | T cell activation, metabolic reprogramming TILs | tumor elimination | [4] |
SV-IL12 + OX40 (VPR) | i.p. | ovarian | T cell activation, metabolic reprogramming TILs | tumor elimination, protection against rechallenge | [2] |
VEE-HPV-E6/E7 (VRP) | i.m. | cervical | CD8 T cells, IFNγ T memory cells | protection against rechallenge | [107] |
SFV-PDL-1 (VPR) | i.t. | colon | T cells, IFNγ,TILs | >40% tumor regression | [154] |
M1 | i.v. | bladder | Lower Ki-67 signals in tumor | tumor growth inhibition, increased survival | [157] |
M1 + doxorubicin | i.v. | breast | ND | tumor growth inhibition | [158] |
Vector/Agent | Delivery | Cancer | Immune Response | Clinical Outcome | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase I VEE(VPR)-CEA | i.m. | Stage III colon | T cells, IFNγ CEA | Improved OS in IFNγ (+) patients | [125] |
Phase I Vvax001 SFV-E6/E7 | i.m. | cervical | T cells, IFNγ Th1 response | ND | [159] |
Phase I LV305 LV-NY-ESO-1 (SV PV) | i.d. | metastatic NY-ESO-1 (+) tumor | T cell response in 85% patients | tumor growth inhibition improved OS | [160] |
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Pampeno, C.; Hurtado, A.; Opp, S.; Meruelo, D. Channeling the Natural Properties of Sindbis Alphavirus for Targeted Tumor Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14948. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914948
Pampeno C, Hurtado A, Opp S, Meruelo D. Channeling the Natural Properties of Sindbis Alphavirus for Targeted Tumor Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(19):14948. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914948
Chicago/Turabian StylePampeno, Christine, Alicia Hurtado, Silvana Opp, and Daniel Meruelo. 2023. "Channeling the Natural Properties of Sindbis Alphavirus for Targeted Tumor Therapy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19: 14948. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914948