Metabolite Profiling of Conifer Needles: Tracing Pollution and Climate Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Identification, Collection and Preparation
3.2. 1D and 2D NMR Spectroscopy
3.3. Metabolite Identification and Quantification
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | 1H δ (ppm) * | Multiplicity ** | J (Hz) | Group | 13C δ (ppm) * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amino acids | |||||
Threonine | 1.33 | d | 7.2 | CH3 | 19.8 |
4.04 | m | - | CH | n.d. *** | |
Alanine | 1.49 | d | 7.2 | CH3 | 17.2 |
3.70 | m | - | CH | n.d. | |
GABA | 2.32 | t | 7.1 | CH2(NH2) | 35.5 |
1.91 | m | - | CH2 | 25.2 | |
3.00 | t | 7.3 | CH2(COOH) | 40.5 | |
Carbohydrates | |||||
Fructose | 3.92 | CH | 69.5 | ||
C | 98.0 | ||||
C | 101.7 | ||||
C | 104.4 | ||||
β-glucose | 4.56 | d | 8.0 | CH(O) | 97.6 |
3.19 | dd | 8.0; 9.3 | CH | 75.8 | |
3.43 | t | 9.3 | CH | 77.5 | |
3.31 | dd | 7.9; 9.3 | CH | 71.2 | |
3.37 | m | - | CH | 77.6 | |
3.87, 3.69 | m | - | CH2 | 62.4 | |
α-glucose | 5.17 | d | 3.9 | CH(O) | 93.6 |
3.45 | dd | 3.9; 9.5 | CH | 73.3 | |
3.62 | t | 9.5 | CH | 74.4 | |
3.34 | m | - | CH | 71.3 | |
3.82 | m | - | CH | 72.9 | |
3.81, 3.72 | m | - | CH2 | 62.3 | |
Sucrose | 5.41 | d | 3.8 | CH | 93.5 |
4.16 | d | 8.6 | CH | 78.4 | |
Organic acids | |||||
Succinic acid | 2.52 | s | - | CH2 | 26.6 |
Shikimic acid | 6.49 | m | - | CH(=) | 131.8 |
- | C | 137.3 | |||
4.35 | m | - | CH | 67.8 | |
3.95 | m | - | CH | 68.3 | |
3.61 | dd | 4.4; 8.8 | CH | 73.8 | |
2.78, 2.19 | m | - | CH2 | 34.1 | |
Formic acid | 8.48 | s | - | CH | 169.1 |
Other | |||||
Choline | 3.21 | s | - | CH3 | 54.9 |
Formic Acid | Shikimic Acid | Sucrose | α-Glucose | β-Glucose | Fructose | Choline | GABA | Succinic Acid | Alanine | Threonine | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region 4 | 0.820 b | 33.834 ab | 1.326 a | 13.676 a | 21.588 a | 6.940 a | 3.171 a | 2.157 a | 12.732 a | 2.430 a | 1.327 a |
Region 3 | 0.888 b | 26.460 b | 1.611 a | 13.069 a | 20.670 a | 12.674 a | 3.786 a | 1.619 a | 16.255 a | 1.739 a | 1.444 a |
Region 1 | 2.591 a | 35.932 a | 0.586 a | 11.551 a | 18.493 a | 8.247 a | 5.643 a | 1.948 a | 12.308 a | 1.860 a | 0.902 a |
Region 2 | 0.956 b | 38.954 a | 0.365 a | 13.010 a | 20.425 a | 7.476 a | 3.986 a | 1.671 a | 10.248 a | 1.919 a | 1.220 a |
Pr > F | <0.0001 | 0.036 | 0.207 | 0.262 | 0.279 | 0.147 | 0.225 | 0.792 | 0.690 | 0.746 | 0.745 |
Significant | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Site | Code | Geographical Coordinates | Altitude (m) | Species | Tmax (°C) | Tmin (°C) | Pan (mm) | Pollution Level/Sampling Area Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mihaesti | S_1 | 45.043233, 24.248252 | 236 | Spruce | 16.8 | 7.0 | 65.5 | Low-medium, rural, Region 2 |
Govora | S_2 | 45.072151, 24.205248 | 270 | Spruce | 16.3 | 6.8 | 65.5 | Low-medium, rural, Region 2 |
Govora | S_3 | 45.072818, 24.195674 | 282 | Fir | 16.3 | 6.8 | 65.5 | Low-medium, rural, Region 2 |
Govora | S_4 | 45.075123, 24.192590 | 299 | Fir | 16.3 | 6.8 | 65.5 | Low-medium, rural, Region 2 |
Baile Govora | S_5 | 45.081617, 24.177123 | 329 | Spruce | 16.0 | 6.2 | 65.5 | Low-medium, balneo resort, Region 2 |
Baile Govora | S_6 | 45.082184, 24.168034 | 392 | Spruce | 16.0 | 6.2 | 65.5 | Low-medium, balneo resort, Region 2 |
Baile Govora | S_7 | 45.078622, 24.184012 | 307 | Spruce | 16.0 | 6.2 | 65.5 | Low-medium, balneo resort, Region 2 |
Baile Govora | S_8 | 45.076675, 24.188106 | 300 | Spruce | 16.0 | 6.2 | 65.5 | Low-medium, balneo resort, Region 2 |
Govora | S_9 | 45.086692, 24.218175 | 272 | Fir | 16.3 | 6.8 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Ocnele Mari | S_10 | 45.08831, 24.29659 | 266 | Spruce | 16.3 | 6.6 | 65.5 | Low-Medium, rural, Region 2 |
Ocnele Mari | S_11 | 45.086189, 24.302747 | 264 | Spruce | 16.3 | 6.6 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Ocnele Mari | S_12 | 45.081915, 24.309449 | 259 | Spruce | 16.3 | 6.6 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Ocnele Mari | S_13 | 45.078993, 24.311667 | 250 | Spruce | 16.3 | 6.6 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Troian | S_14 | 45.072444, 24.330117 | 246 | Spruce | 16.8 | 7.0 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Vladesti | S_15 | 45.119613, 24.305616 | 292 | Spruce | 16.3 | 6.8 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Vladesti | S_16 | 45.112791, 24.323620 | 278 | Fir | 16.3 | 6.8 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Vladesti | S_17 | 45.113277, 24.322721 | 278 | Spruce | 16.3 | 6.8 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Vladesti | S_18 | 45.127225, 24.271221 | 313 | Fir | 16.3 | 6.8 | 65.5 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Pausesti Maglasi | S_19 | 45.140121, 24.246315 | 338 | Spruce | 15.0 | 7.6 | 59.2 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Olanesti | S_20 | 45.172527, 24.257951 | 378 | Spruce | 15.0 | 7.6 | 59.2 | Low-medium, rural, Region 2 |
Baile Olanesti | S_21 | 45.203455, 24.241029 | 434 | Spruce | 14.0 | 6.6 | 59.2 | Low-medium, balneo resort, Region 2 |
Baile Olanesti | S_22 | 45.206098, 24.237576 | 422 | Spruce | 14.0 | 6.6 | 59.2 | Low-medium, balneo resort, Region 2 |
Pausesti Maglasi | S_23 | 45.152544, 24.248061 | 356 | Spruce | 15.0 | 7.6 | 59.2 | Medium, rural, Region 3 |
Ramnicu Valcea | S_24 | 45.106805, 24.363972 | 253 | Spruce | 16.8 | 7 | 65.5 | High, urban, Region 4 |
Ramnicu Valcea | S_25 | 45.109167, 24.363379 | 260 | Spruce | 16.8 | 7 | 65.5 | High, urban, Region 4 |
Raureni | S_26 | 45.03541, 24.28569 | 220 | Spruce | 16.8 | 7.1 | 65.5 | High, industrial, Region 4 |
Raureni | S_27 | 45.03541, 24.28569 | 220 | Spruce | 16.8 | 7.1 | 65.5 | High, industrial, Region 4 |
Cozia National Park | S_28 | 45.29020, 24.41727 | 654 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_29 | 45.29296, 24.41088 | 723 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_30 | 45.29834, 24.40141 | 850 | Fir | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_31 | 45.30348, 24.39652 | 855 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_32 | 45.30817, 24.38673 | 907 | Fir | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_33 | 45.31366, 24.37694 | 950 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_34 | 45.31998, 24.37551 | 1036 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_35 | 45.32211, 24.37143 | 1110 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_36 | 45.32744, 24.37021 | 1160 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_37 | 45.32851, 24.36409 | 1180 | Fir | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_38 | 45.32898, 24.35904 | 1311 | Fir | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_39 | 45.32631, 24.35373 | 1310 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_40 | 45.32079, 24.33799 | 1554 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Cozia National Park | S_41 | 45.32382, 24.34144 | 1488 | Spruce | 7.8 | 0.4 | 59.2 | Low, mountain, Region 1 |
Malaia | S_42 | 45.35751, 24.01593 | 521 | Spruce | 14.6 | 7.3 | 64.0 | Low-medium, rural, Region 2 |
Voineasa | S_43 | 45.42373, 23.96654 | 745 | Spruce | 12.3 | 5.3 | 64.0 | Low, mountain resort, Region 1 |
Voineasa | S_44 | 45.41644, 23.96439 | 671 | Spruce | 12.3 | 5.3 | 64.0 | Low, mountain resort, Region 1 |
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Miricioiu, M.G.; Ionete, R.E.; Simova, S.; Gerginova, D.; Botoran, O.R. Metabolite Profiling of Conifer Needles: Tracing Pollution and Climate Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914986
Miricioiu MG, Ionete RE, Simova S, Gerginova D, Botoran OR. Metabolite Profiling of Conifer Needles: Tracing Pollution and Climate Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(19):14986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914986
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiricioiu, Marius Gheorghe, Roxana Elena Ionete, Svetlana Simova, Dessislava Gerginova, and Oana Romina Botoran. 2023. "Metabolite Profiling of Conifer Needles: Tracing Pollution and Climate Effects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19: 14986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914986