The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) at Different Developmental Stages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Topical Toxicity of Fluralaner against S. incivta
2.2. Effect of Fluralaner on the Metabolites of S. incivta at Different Reproductive Stages
2.3. Classes of DEMs
2.4. KEGG Pathway Enrichment Analysis
2.5. Expression of DEMs
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Insects and Chemicals
4.2. Topical Toxicity
4.3. Metabolomic Data Acquisition and Processing
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Caste/Developmental Stage | Time (h) | LD50 (95% CL) (ng/Insect) | Weight (mg) | N | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult worker | 24 | 8.62 (7.75, 9.64) | 1.06 | 540 | 28.08 (13) | 0.242 |
Larva | 24 | 1744.23 (1488.07, 2060.67) | 1.10 | 540 | 21.71 (13) | 0.594 |
Class | DEMs (Neg) | DEMs (Pos) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
UA vs. TA | UL vs. TL | UA vs. TA | UL vs. TL | |
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides | - | Hesperetin (↑); Catechin (↓) | - | - |
Organoheterocyclic compounds | Allantoin (↓) | Allantoin (↑); l-Ascorbate (↑) | Kynurenic acid (↑); Indole-3-acetic acid (↑) | Biopterin (↑) |
Organic oxygen compounds | Pantothenic acid (↓) | - | l-Kynurenine (↑) | - |
Organic nitrogen compounds | - | Porphobilinogen (↑) | Phytosphingosine (↑) | - |
Organic acids and derivatives | N-Acetyl-l-phenylalanine (↓); l-Glutamate (↓); N-Acetyl-l-histidine (↓); l-Glutamic acid (↓); D-Proline (↓); l-Aspartic acid (↑); Fumaric acid (↑); l-Malate (↑) | O-Phospho-l-serine (↑); l-Saccharopine (↓); l-Serine (↓); Phenylacetylglycine (↑); Glutamyl-glutamic acid (↓) | Homoarginine (↑); Creatine (↑); 1-Methylhistidine (↑); 3-Succinoylpyridine (↑); l-Argininosuccinate (↑); l-Cystathionine (↑); Glutathione (↑); Levodopa (↑); Proline (↓) | Homoarginine (↑); Pantetheine (↓) |
Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Uridine (↓) | Uridine (↑); cGMP (↓); Xanthosine (↑); Thymidine (↑); Inosine diphosphate (↓); Cytidine-5’-monophosphate (↓) | - | - |
Lipids and lipid-like molecules | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (↑); Valproic acid (↓); Pentadecanoic acid (↑); Adipic acid (↓); Prostaglandin F3α (↑); Docosahexaenoic acid (↑); 2-Methylbutyric acid (↓); 2-Isopropylmalic acid (↑) | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (↑); Valproic acid (↑); Soyasaponin I (↑); Prostaglandin D2 (↑); Phellamurin (↑); Prostaglandin H2 (↓); Arachidonic acid (↓) | 3-hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioic acid (↑); Tetrahydrocorticosterone (↑); 16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (↑) | Tetrahydrocortisone (↓); Androsterone (↑); 5-OxoETE (↓) |
Benzenoids | Paracetamol (↓) | Paracetamol (↑); Terephthalic acid (↑); 4-Hydroxymandelonitrile (↓) | Octopamine (↑) | l-Adrenaline (↑) |
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Shao, L.; Wang, W.; Gong, X.; Yu, Y.; Xue, J.; Zeng, X.; Liu, J. The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) at Different Developmental Stages. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115627
Shao L, Wang W, Gong X, Yu Y, Xue J, Zeng X, Liu J. The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) at Different Developmental Stages. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(21):15627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115627
Chicago/Turabian StyleShao, Leyi, Wei Wang, Xin Gong, Yinghao Yu, Junao Xue, Xinnian Zeng, and Jiali Liu. 2023. "The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) at Different Developmental Stages" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21: 15627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115627