Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Reveal the Mechanisms of Young Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ears’ Response to Spring Freezing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phenotypic Differences between JM22 and XM33 under Freezing Stress
2.2. Physiological Response of Young Ears to Freezing Stress
2.3. Protein Identification and Quantification
2.4. Identification and Analysis of Differently Expressed Proteins
2.5. Functional Analysis of the DEPs in Different Comparison Groups
2.6. Key Proteins Associated with Freezing Stress Response in the Young Ears
2.6.1. Antioxidant-Related Proteins
2.6.2. Heat Shock Proteins
2.6.3. Cell Wall−Modifying Related Proteins
3. Discussion
3.1. Enhancing Antioxidant Capacity Was Beneficial for Young Wheat Ears’ Freezing Tolerance
3.2. Heat Shock Proteins Were Involved in Young Wheat Ears Coping with Freezing Stress
3.3. Changes in Cell Wall Traits Participated in the Response of Young Wheat Ears to Freezing Stress
3.4. Other Proteins May Contribute to Enhance Freezing Tolerance in Young Wheat Ears
3.5. Maintaining Transcriptional Activity Was a Crucial Biological Basis for Freezing Tolerance in Young Wheat Ears
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials, Growing Conditions, and Temperature Treatments
4.2. Young Ears’ Freezing Tolerance Determination
4.3. Physiological Parameters Measurement
4.4. Gene Expression Analysis
4.5. Total Protein Extraction and Digestion
4.6. LC–MS/MS Analysis
4.7. Sequence Database Search
4.8. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein ID | Protein Description | XM33_F vs. XM33_C | JM22_F vs. JM22_C |
---|---|---|---|
A0A3B6HTB1 | Heavy metal−associated isoprenylated plant protein 33−like | up | up |
W5B397 | Heavy metal−associated isoprenylated plant protein 1 | up | up |
A0A3B6TCM5 | NUC153 domain−containing protein | up | up |
A0A3B6KR91 | GLTP domain−containing protein | up | up |
A0A3B6TGN2 | Polygalacturonase inhibitor−like | up | up |
W5BGU5 | Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 7 | up | up |
A0A3B6C0Y8 | DIBOA−glucoside dioxygenase BX6−like | up | up |
A0A3B6FJ71 | Lactamase_B domain−containing protein | up | up |
A0A3B6CBP0 | Coatomer subunit epsilon | down | down |
A0A3B5YVU9 | Methyltransferase | down | down |
A0A3B6TGT6 | Curvature thylakoid 1A, chloroplastic−like protein | down | down |
A0A3B6RGZ0 | Serinethreonine−protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 2−A−like | down | down |
W4ZSG9 | Thioredoxin−like protein YLS8 | down | down |
A0A1D6RNK4 | E3 ubiquitin−protein ligase ARI8 | down | down |
A0A3B6H1K4 | Coatomer subunit zeta | down | down |
Q36813 | NAD(P)H dehydrogenase subunit H | down | down |
Q76ME3 | ADP−ribosylation factor | down | down |
A0A3B5Y6Q2 | SAC domain−containing protein | down | down |
A0A3B6TKQ8 | COP9 signalosome complex subunit 3−like isoform X2 | down | down |
Q6KCK6 | Putative calcium−dependent protein kinase | down | down |
W5EJ68 | Protein kinase domain-containing protein | down | down |
A0A3B6JPZ5 | Uncharacterized protein | down | down |
A0A3B6IPS7 | Uncharacterized protein | down | down |
A0A3B6N1N4 | Uncharacterized protein | down | down |
A0A3B6KJM2 | Uncharacterized protein | down | down |
A0A077RWW5 | Uncharacterized protein | down | down |
A0A3B5XX28 | Uncharacterized protein | down | down |
A0A3B6LPS5 | Peroxidase | up | down |
W5AMD3 | Defensin PDF10 | down | up |
A0A3B6R8W9 | Uncharacterized protein | down | up |
Groups | Protein ID | Protein Description | Fold-Change |
---|---|---|---|
XM33_F vs. XM33_C | A0A3B6IUJ0 | GST N−terminal domain−containing protein | 1.887 |
A0A3B6LPS5 | Peroxidase | 1.853 | |
A0A3B5XVD9 | Probable glutathione S−transferase−cytosolic | 1.839 | |
A0A3B5YRG4 | Probable glutathione S−transferase DHAR10, cytosolic | 1.754 | |
A0A3B6JN31 | Glutathione transferase | 1.713 | |
A0A3B6B868 | Thioredoxin domain−containing protein | 1.705 | |
A0A3B6ED41 | 2−alkenal reductase (NADP(+) dependent) −like | 1.599 | |
A0A3B6DBD5 | Thioredoxin | 1.588 | |
A0A3B6GVH3 | Glutaredoxin−dependent peroxiredoxin | 1.584 | |
A0A3B6SJF8 | Glutaredoxin−dependent peroxiredoxin | 1.547 | |
W4ZSG9 | Thioredoxin−like protein YLS8 | 0.495 | |
A0A3B5YYX5 | Glutathione transferase | 0.342 | |
JM22_F vs. JM22_C | A0A3B6DL50 | Thioredoxin domain−containing protein | 0.635 |
A0A3B6SS74 | L−ascorbate oxidase homolog | 0.601 | |
W4ZSG9 | Thioredoxin−like protein YLS8 | 0.593 | |
A0A3B6LPS5 | Peroxidase | 0.243 | |
JM22_F vs. XM33_F | A0A3B5YT02 | Peroxidase | 4.156 |
A0A3B6CJF7 | Peroxidase | 2.589 | |
A0A3B5ZRA7 | Peroxidase | 2.275 | |
A0A3B6LUE2 | Glutathione transferase | 0.611 | |
A0A3B6SS74 | L−ascorbate oxidase homolog | 0.515 | |
A0A3B6JN31 | Glutathione transferase | 0.492 | |
F1DKC1 | Catalase | 0.445 | |
A0A3B6TWE0 | Peroxidase | 0.365 | |
A0A3B6QC91 | Peroxidase | 0.250 | |
JM22_C vs. XM33_C | A0A3B5YT02 | Peroxidase | 4.789 |
A0A3B6LPS5 | Peroxidase | 3.526 | |
A0A3B5ZRA7 | Peroxidase | 3.427 | |
A0A3B6TQJ1 | Thioredoxin domain−containing protein | 3.021 | |
A0A3B6CJF7 | Peroxidase | 2.500 | |
A0A3B6IRX6 | L−ascorbate peroxidase | 2.222 | |
A0A3B5YRG4 | Probable glutathione S−transferase DHAR1, cytosolic | 1.965 | |
A0A3B6JL78 | L−ascorbate peroxidase | 1.701 | |
A0A3B6AYZ6 | L−ascorbate peroxidase | 1.536 | |
A0A1D6D173 | Glutaredoxin domain−containing protein | 1.522 | |
A0A3B6DNN1 | Peroxidase | 0.597 | |
F1DKC1 | Catalase | 0.537 | |
A0A3B6KNG3 | Thioredoxin−like fold domain−containing protein | 0.290 | |
A0A3B6QC91 | Peroxidase | 0.281 |
Groups | Protein ID | Protein Description | Fold-Change |
---|---|---|---|
XM33_F vs. XM33_C | A0A3B6LMB4 | DEHY | 2.498 |
A0A3B6PT83 | 18.6 kDa class III heat shock protein | 2.472 | |
A0A3B5ZYT4 | Heat shock protein 101 | 2.133 | |
A0A3B6RDZ6 | 26.2 kDa heat shock protein−mitochondrial−like | 2.127 | |
A0A3B6CA96 | Hsp70−Hsp90 organizing protein−like | 2.093 | |
A0A3B6JIR3 | Heat shock cognate 70 kDa protein 2−like | 1.571 | |
A0A3B6KKG9 | Heat shock 70 kDa protein, mitochondrial−like | 1.547 | |
F4Y594 | Heat shock protein 90 | 0.348 | |
JM22_F vs. XM33_F | A0A3B6TG72 | BOBBER 1−like protein | 5.145 |
A0A3B5XUY5 | DnaJ (HSP40) homolog subfamily B member 4−like | 2.125 | |
A0A3B6GQT8 | DnaJ (HSP40) homolog subfamily B member 4−like | 1.502 | |
A0A3B5ZYT4 | Heat shock protein 101 | 0.422 | |
A0A3B6RDZ6 | 26.2 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial−like | 0.190 | |
JM22_C vs. XM33_C | A0A3B6TFV1 | 26.2 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial−like | 6.016 |
A0A3B6LMB4 | SHSP domain−containing protein | 1.894 | |
A0A3B6RHD3 | 26.2 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial−like | 1.758 | |
Q9ZP24 | 23.6 kDa heat shock protein | 1.587 | |
A0A3B6RDZ6 | 26.2 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial−like | 0.235 |
Groups | Protein ID | Protein Description | Fold-Change |
---|---|---|---|
XM33_F vs. XM33_C | A0A3B6TGN2 | Polygalacturonase inhibitor−like | 2.222 |
A0A3B6H1P4 | Germin−like protein | 1.955 | |
A0A1D5V3A3 | Pectinesterase inhibitor 7−like | 1.852 | |
A0A3B6TWG3 | Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase | 1.833 | |
A0A3B6CBN0 | Cinnamyl−alcohol dehydrogenase 7−like | 1.506 | |
A0A3B6TI25 | Alpha−1,3−arabinosyltransferase XAT3 | 0.434 | |
JM22_F vs. JM22_C | A0A3B6TGN2 | Polygalacturonase inhibitor−like | 1.779 |
A0A3B6RK39 | Cinnamoyl−CoA reductase 1−like | 0.653 | |
A0A3B6BYY2 | Probable cinnamyl−alcohol dehydrogenase 6 | 0.509 | |
JM22_F vs. XM33_F | A0A3B6TGN2 | Polygalacturonase inhibitor−like | 1.790 |
A0A3B6KU54 | Expansin−B4−like | 1.657 | |
A0A3B6IKN1 | Endoglucanase | 0.653 | |
A0A3B6TGM9 | Probable polygalacturonase isoform X1 protein | 0.610 | |
Q56TP1 | Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase | 0.605 | |
A0A3B6TWG3 | Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase | 0.587 | |
A0A3B6CBN0 | Cinnamyl−alcohol dehydrogenase 7−like | 0.556 | |
A0A3B5Y507 | Endoglucanase | 0.251 | |
JM22_C vs. XM33_C | A0A3B6B5P1 | UDP−arabinopyranose mutase | 1.503 |
A0A3B6DED8 | Xyloglucan endotransglucosylasehydrolase | 0.505 | |
A0A3B6TI25 | Alpha−1,3−arabinosyltransferase XAT3−like | 0.436 | |
A0A3B5Y507 | Endoglucanase | 0.091 | |
A0A3B6DMR3 | Beta−D−xylosidase 4−like | 0.052 |
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Wang, W.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, C.; Dong, Y.; Jiang, X.; Zhao, C.; Li, G.; Xu, K.; Huo, Z. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Reveal the Mechanisms of Young Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ears’ Response to Spring Freezing. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115892
Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu C, Dong Y, Jiang X, Zhao C, Li G, Xu K, Huo Z. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Reveal the Mechanisms of Young Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ears’ Response to Spring Freezing. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(21):15892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115892
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Weiling, Yuting Zhang, Chang Liu, Yongwen Dong, Xue Jiang, Can Zhao, Guohui Li, Ke Xu, and Zhongyang Huo. 2023. "Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Reveal the Mechanisms of Young Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ears’ Response to Spring Freezing" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21: 15892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115892