Ginseng Stem-and-Leaf Saponins Mitigate Chlorpyrifos-Evoked Intestinal Toxicity In Vivo and In Vitro: Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. HPLC Analysis of Saponin Monomers in GSLS
2.2. GSLSs Can Improve CPF-Induced Oxidative Stress and Enhance Antioxidant Activity
2.3. Effects of GSLSs on Serum Inflammatory Factors
2.4. Immunohistochemical Staining Analysis
2.5. Intestinal Histopathological Analysis
2.6. GSLSs Reduced Phosphorylation, Inflammation and Apoptosis via IKKα/β and pIκBα in Intestinal Tissues
2.7. The Effect of GSLSs on CPF-Induced RAW264.7 Cell Model Using CCK-8
2.8. Analysis of Hoechst Staining Results
2.9. Inhibitory Effect of GSLSs on CPF-Induced Apoptosis in RAW264.7 Cells
2.10. Effects of GSLSs on CPF-Induced Oxidative Stress in RAW264.7 Cells
2.11. GSLSs Ameliorated CPF-Induced Inflammatory Factors in RAW264.7 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Experimental Design
4.2.1. HPLC Analysis
4.2.2. In Vivo Animal Experiments and Design
4.2.3. Analysis of Serum Oxidative Stress Index
4.2.4. DAO and Biochemical Analysis of Intestinal Tissue
4.2.5. The Influence of Proinflammatory Cytokines Was Determined by ELISA
4.2.6. Immunohistochemical
4.2.7. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL Examination
4.2.8. Protein Imprinting Detection
4.3. In Vitro Cell Culture and Treatment
4.3.1. CCK-8 Detection of Cell Viability
4.3.2. Assessment of Biochemical Parameters
4.3.3. Hoechst 33258 Staining
4.3.4. Apoptosis Was Detected by Flow Cytometry
4.3.5. ROS Detection
4.3.6. Statistics and Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, S.; Zhu, X.; Pei, H.; Zhao, Y.; Zong, Y.; Chen, W.; He, Z.; Du, R. Ginseng Stem-and-Leaf Saponins Mitigate Chlorpyrifos-Evoked Intestinal Toxicity In Vivo and In Vitro: Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115968
Liu S, Zhu X, Pei H, Zhao Y, Zong Y, Chen W, He Z, Du R. Ginseng Stem-and-Leaf Saponins Mitigate Chlorpyrifos-Evoked Intestinal Toxicity In Vivo and In Vitro: Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(21):15968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115968
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Silu, Xiaoying Zhu, Hongyan Pei, Yan Zhao, Ying Zong, Weijia Chen, Zhongmei He, and Rui Du. 2023. "Ginseng Stem-and-Leaf Saponins Mitigate Chlorpyrifos-Evoked Intestinal Toxicity In Vivo and In Vitro: Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21: 15968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115968