Exposure to Oxidized Multi-Walled CNTs Can Lead to Oxidative Stress in the Asian Freshwater Clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterization of Ox-MWCNTs
2.2. Mortality Rate
2.3. Biochemical Analyses
2.3.1. Catalase (CAT)
2.3.2. Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST)
2.3.3. Lipoperoxidation (LPO)
2.3.4. SOD
2.3.5. Total Ubiquitin (Ub)
2.3.6. Correlation Analyses
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Functionalization and Characterization of Ox-MWCNTs
4.2. Experiment Setup
4.3. Biochemical Analysis
4.3.1. Stress Oxidative Enzymes
Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST)
Catalase
Superoxide Dismutase
4.3.2. Biomarkers of Cellular and Protein Damage
Lipid Peroxidation Assay
Total Ubiquitin
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Petersen, E.J.; Henry, T.B. Methodological Considerations for Testing the Ecotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes: Review. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012, 31, 60–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gottschalk, F.; Sonderer, T.; Scholz, R.W.; Nowack, B. Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for Different Regions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 9216–9222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iavicoli, I.; Fontana, L.; Leso, V.; Calabrese, E.J. Hormetic Dose–Responses in Nanotechnology Studies. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 487, 361–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kiser, M.A.; Westerhoff, P.; Benn, T.; Wang, Y.; Pérez-Rivera, J.; Hristovski, K. Titanium Nanomaterial Removal and Release from Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 6757–6763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klaper, R.; Arndt, D.; Setyowati, K.; Chen, J.; Goetz, F. Functionalization Impacts the Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on the Immune System of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 2010, 100, 211–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oberdörster, G.; Oberdörster, E.; Oberdörster, J. Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 823–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baughman, R.H.; Zakhidov, A.A.; de Heer, W.A. Carbon Nanotubes—The Route Toward Applications. Science 2002, 297, 787–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Marchi, L.; Neto, V.; Pretti, C.; Figueira, E.; Chiellini, F.; Morelli, A.; Soares, A.M.V.M.; Freitas, R. Toxic Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Bivalves: Comparison between Functionalized and Nonfunctionalized Nanoparticles. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 622–623, 1532–1542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arndt, D.A.; Moua, M.; Chen, J.; Klaper, R.D. Core Structure and Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials Alter Impacts to Daphnid Mortality, Reproduction, and Growth: Acute Assays Do Not Predict Chronic Exposure Impacts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 9444–9452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donaldson, K.; Li, X.Y.; MacNee, W. Ultrafine (Nanometre) Particle Mediated Lung Injury. J. Aerosol. Sci. 1998, 29, 553–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, P.; Jacobsen, N.R.; Baun, A.; Birkedal, R.; Kühnel, D.; Jensen, K.A.; Vogel, U.; Wallin, H. Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem. Cent. J. 2013, 7, 154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjorkland, R.; Tobias, D.A.; Petersen, E.J. Increasing Evidence Indicates Low Bioaccumulation of Carbon Nanotubes. Environ. Sci. Nano 2017, 4, 747–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mwangi, J.N.; Wang, N.; Ingersoll, C.G.; Hardesty, D.K.; Brunson, E.L.; Li, H.; Deng, B. Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes to Freshwater Aquatic Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012, 31, 1823–1830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myer, M.H.; Henderson, W.M.; Black, M.C. Effects of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Bioavailability and Toxicity of Diphenhydramine to Pimephales promelas in Sediment Exposures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2017, 36, 320–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khosravi-Katuli, K.; Prato, E.; Lofrano, G.; Guida, M.; Vale, G.; Libralato, G. Effects of Nanoparticles in Species of Aquaculture Interest. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 17326–17346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kataoka, C.; Nakahara, K.; Shimizu, K.; Kowase, S.; Nagasaka, S.; Ifuku, S.; Kashiwada, S. Salinity-Dependent Toxicity of Water-Dispersible, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Japanese Medaka Embryos. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2017, 37, 408–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Y.P.; Fu, K.; Lin, Y.; Huang, W. Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications. ACC Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 1096–1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahnawaz, S.; Sohrabi, B.; Najafi, M. The Investigation of Functionalization Role in Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Dispersion by Surfactants. In Proceedings of the 18th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Online, 1–30 November 2023; MDPI: Basel, Switzerland, 2014; p. f002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Y.; Liu, X.; Hu, Y.; Wang, R.; Chen, M.; Wu, J.; Wang, Y.; Kang, S.; Sun, Y.; Zhu, M. Behavior, Remediation Effect and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Water Environments. Environ. Res. 2019, 174, 54–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baker, T.J.; Tyler, C.R.; Galloway, T.S. Impacts of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Marine Organisms. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 186, 257–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Canesi, L.; Corsi, I. Effects of Nanomaterials on Marine Invertebrates. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 565, 933–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lapresta-Fernández, A.; Fernández, A.; Blasco, J. Nanoecotoxicity Effects of Engineered Silver and Gold Nanoparticles in Aquatic Organisms. TrAC—Trends Anal. Chem. 2012, 32, 40–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matranga, V.; Corsi, I. Toxic Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Marine Environment: Model Organisms and Molecular Approaches. Mar. Environ. Res. 2012, 76, 32–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, J.F.; Buffet, P.E.; Poirier, L.; Amiard-Triquet, C.; Gilliland, D.; Joubert, Y.; Pilet, P.; Guibbolini, M.; Risso De Faverney, C.; Roméo, M.; et al. Size Dependent Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicity of Gold Nanoparticles in an Endobenthic Invertebrate: The Tellinid Clam Scrobicularia Plana. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 168, 37–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cid, A.; Picado, A.; Correia, J.B.; Chaves, R.; Silva, H.; Caldeira, J.; de Matos, A.P.A.; Diniz, M.S. Oxidative Stress and Histological Changes Following Exposure to Diamond Nanoparticles in the Freshwater Asian Clam Corbicula Fluminea (Müller, 1774). J. Hazard. Mater. 2015, 284, 27–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zha, S.; Rong, J.; Guan, X.; Tang, Y.; Han, Y.; Liu, G. Immunotoxicity of Four Nanoparticles to a Marine Bivalve Species, Tegillarca Granosa. J. Hazard. Mater. 2019, 377, 237–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zha, S.; Tang, Y.; Shi, W.; Liu, H.; Sun, C.; Bao, Y.; Liu, G. Impacts of Four Commonly Used Nanoparticles on the Metabolism of a Marine Bivalve Species, Tegillarca Granosa. Chemosphere 2022, 296, 134079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pajares, M.; Jiménez-Moreno, N.; Dias, I.H.K.; Debelec, B.; Vucetic, M.; Fladmark, K.E.; Basaga, H.; Ribaric, S.; Milisav, I.; Cuadrado, A. Redox Control of Protein Degradation. Redox Biol. 2015, 6, 409–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos, H.M.; Diniz, M.S.; Costa, P.M.; Peres, I.; Costa, M.H.; Alves, S.; Capelo, J.L. Toxicological Effects and Bioaccumulation in the Freshwater Clam (Corbicula fluminea) Following Exposure to Trivalent Arsenic. Environ. Toxicol. 2007, 22, 502–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sebesvari, Z.; Friederike Ettwig, K.; Emons, H. Biomonitoring of Tin and Arsenic in Different Compartments of a Limnic Ecosystem with Emphasis on Corbicula fluminea and Dikerogammarus villosus. J. Environ. Monit. 2005, 7, 203–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anisimova, A.A.; Chaika, V.V.; Kuznetsov, V.L.; Golokhvast, K.S. Study of the Influence of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (12–14 Nm) on the Main Target Tissues of the Bivalve Modiolus modiolus. Nanotechnol. Russ. 2015, 10, 278–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mesarič, T.; Gambardella, C.; Milivojević, T.; Faimali, M.; Drobne, D.; Falugi, C.; Makovec, D.; Jemec, A.; Sepčić, K. High Surface Adsorption Properties of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Are Responsible for Mortality, Swimming Inhibition, and Biochemical Responses in Artemia salina Larvae. Aquat. Toxicol. 2015, 163, 121–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sfriso, A.A.; Chiesa, S.; Sfriso, A.; Buosi, A.; Gobbo, L.; Boscolo Gnolo, A.; Argese, E. Spatial Distribution, Bioaccumulation Profiles and Risk for Consumption of Edible Bivalves: A Comparison among Razor Clam, Manila Clam and Cockles in the Venice Lagoon. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 643, 579–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tedesco, S.; Doyle, H.; Redmond, G.; Sheehan, D. Gold Nanoparticles and Oxidative Stress in Mytilus edulis. Mar. Environ. Res. 2008, 66, 131–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koehler, A.; Marx, U.; Broeg, K.; Bahns, S.; Bressling, J. Effects of Nanoparticles in Mytilus edulis Gills and Hepatopancreas—A New Threat to Marine Life? Mar. Environ. Res. 2008, 66, 12–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ringwood, A.H.; Levi-Polyachenko, N.; Carroll, D.L. Fullerene Exposures with Oysters: Embryonic, Adult, and Cellular Responses. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 7136–7141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCarthy, M.P.; Carroll, D.L.; Ringwood, A.H. Tissue Specific Responses of Oysters, Crassostrea virginica, to Silver Nanoparticles. Aquat. Toxicol. 2013, 138–139, 123–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gomes, T.; Pereira, C.G.; Cardoso, Ć.; Sousa, V.S.; Teixeira, M.R.; Pinheiro, J.P.; Bebianno, M.J. Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Exposure in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar. Environ. Res. 2014, 101, 208–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Volland, M.; Hampel, M.; Martos-Sitcha, J.A.; Trombini, C.; Martínez-Rodríguez, G.; Blasco, J. Citrate Gold Nanoparticle Exposure in the Marine Bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum: Uptake, Elimination and Oxidative Stress Response. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22, 17414–17424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ayala, A.; Muñoz, M.F.; Argüelles, S. Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2014, 2014, 360438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buffet, P.E.; Poirier, L.; Zalouk-Vergnoux, A.; Lopes, C.; Amiard, J.C.; Gaudin, P.; Risso-de Faverney, C.; Guibbolini, M.; Gilliland, D.; Perrein-Ettajani, H.; et al. Biochemical and Behavioural Responses of the Marine Polychaete Hediste diversicolor to Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots (CdS QDs): Waterborne and Dietary Exposure. Chemosphere 2014, 100, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tedesco, S.; Doyle, H.; Blasco, J.; Redmond, G.; Sheehan, D. Oxidative Stress and Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles in Mytilus edulis. Aquat. Toxicol. 2010, 100, 178–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, X.; Zhang, X.; Sun, L.; Wei, Y.; Wei, X. Cellular Toxicity and Immunological Effects of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2019, 16, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sohaebuddin, S.K.; Thevenot, P.T.; Baker, D.; Eaton, J.W.; Tang, L. Nanomaterial Cytotoxicity Is Composition, Size, and Cell Type Dependent. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2010, 7, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, B.; Liu, Y.; Song, W.M.; Hayashi, Y.; Ding, X.C.; Li, W.H. In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Murine RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Human A549 Lung Cells. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2011, 24, 593–601. [Google Scholar]
- Gagné, F.; Auclair, J.; Turcotte, P.; Fournier, M.; Gagnon, C.; Sauvé, S.; Blaise, C. Ecotoxicity of CdTe Quantum Dots to Freshwater Mussels: Impacts on Immune System, Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 86, 333–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cook, J.A.; Gius, D.; Wink, D.A.; Krishna, M.C.; Russo, A.; Mitchell, J.B. Oxidative Stress, Redox, and the Tumor Microenvironment. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 2004, 14, 259–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benavides, M.; Fernández-Lodeiro, J.; Coelho, P.; Lodeiro, C.; Diniz, M.S. Single and Combined Effects of Aluminum (Al2O3) and Zinc (ZnO) Oxide Nanoparticles in a Freshwater Fish, Carassius Auratus. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 24578–24591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lesser, M.P. Oxidative Stress in Marine Environments: Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2006, 68, 253–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Regoli, F.; Giuliani, M.E. Oxidative Pathways of Chemical Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Marine Organisms. Mar. Environ. Res. 2014, 93, 106–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matos, B.; Martins, M.; Samamed, A.C.; Sousa, D.; Ferreira, I.; Diniz, M.S. Toxicity Evaluation of Quantum Dots (ZnS and CdS) Singly and Combined in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shang, F.; Taylor, A. Ubiquitin–Proteasome Pathway and Cellular Responses to Oxidative Stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2011, 51, 5–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baun, A.; Hartmann, N.B.; Grieger, K.D.; Hansen, S.F. Setting the Limits for Engineered Nanoparticles in European Surface Waters—Are Current Approaches Appropriate? J. Environ. Monit. 2009, 11, 1774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gagnon, M.M.; Hodson, P.v. Field Studies Using Fish Biomarkers—How Many Fish Are Enough? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2012, 64, 2871–2876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lucas, J.H.; Wang, Q.; Muthumalage, T.; Rahman, I. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Cause Cellular Senescence in Tgf-b Stimulated Lung Epithelial Cells. Toxics 2021, 9, 144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Long, J.; Xiao, Y.; Liu, L.; Cao, Y. The Adverse Vascular Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) to Human Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) in Vitro: Role of Length of MWCNTs. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2017, 15, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.; Cao, J. The Impact of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) on Macrophages: Contribution of MWCNT Characteristics. Sci. China Life Sci. 2018, 61, 1333–1351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allegri, M.; Perivoliotis, D.K.; Bianchi, M.G.; Chiu, M.; Pagliaro, A.; Koklioti, M.A.; Trompeta, A.F.A.; Bergamaschi, E.; Bussolati, O.; Charitidis, C.A. Toxicity Determinants of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: The Relationship between Functionalization and Agglomeration. Toxicol. Rep. 2016, 3, 230–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, L.; Forman, H.J.; Ge, Y.; Lunec, J. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Cytotoxicity Study in Relation to Functionalization, Dose and Dispersion. Toxicol. In Vitro. 2017, 42, 292–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iturrioz-Rodríguez, N.; González-Domínguez, E.; González-Lavado, E.; Marín-Caba, L.; Vaz, B.; Pérez-Lorenzo, M.; Correa-Duarte, M.A.; Fanarraga, M.L. A Biomimetic Escape Strategy for Cytoplasm Invasion by Synthetic Particles. Angew. Chem.—Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 13736–13740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cid, A.; Moldes, Ó.A.; Diniz, M.S.; Rodríguez-González, B.; Mejuto, J.C. Redispersion and Self-Assembly of C60 Fullerene in Water and Toluene. ACS Omega 2017, 2, 2368–2373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samadi, A.; Kim, Y.; Lee, S.; Kim, Y.J.; Esterhuizen, M. Review on the Ecotoxicological Impacts of Plastic Pollution on the Freshwater Invertebrate Daphnia. Environ. Toxicol. 2022, 37, 2615–2638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klaine, S.J.; Koelmans, A.A.; Horne, N.; Carley, S.; Handy, R.D.; Kapustka, L.; Nowack, B.; von der Kammer, F. Paradigms to Assess the Environmental Impact of Manufactured Nanomaterials. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012, 31, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gottschalk, F.; Nowack, B. Modeling the Environmental Release and Exposure of Engineered Nanomaterials. RSC Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2012, 25, 284–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradford, M.M. A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantification of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976, 72, 248–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Habig, W.H.; Pabst, M.J.; Jakoby, W.B. Glutathione S-Transferases. The First Enzymatic Step in Mercapturic Acid Formation. J. Biol. Chem. 1974, 249, 7130–7139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johansson, L.H.; Håkan Borg, L.A. A Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Catalase Activity in Small Tissue Samples. Anal. Biochem. 1988, 174, 331–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCord, J.M.; Fridovich, I. Superoxide Dismutase. An Enzymic Function for Erythrocuprein (Hemocuprein). J. Biol. Chem. 1969, 244, 6049–6055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uchiyama, M.; Mihara, M. Determination of Malonaldehyde Precursor in Tissues by Thiobarbituric Acid Test. Anal. Biochem. 1978, 86, 271–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madeira, C.; Madeira, D.; Vinagre, C.; Diniz, M. Octocorals in a Changing Environment: Seasonal Response of Stress Biomarkers in Natural Populations of Veretillum Cynomorium. J. Sea Res. 2015, 103, 120–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cid-Samamed, A.; Correa-Duarte, M.Á.; Mariño-López, A.; Diniz, M.S. Exposure to Oxidized Multi-Walled CNTs Can Lead to Oxidative Stress in the Asian Freshwater Clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216122
Cid-Samamed A, Correa-Duarte MÁ, Mariño-López A, Diniz MS. Exposure to Oxidized Multi-Walled CNTs Can Lead to Oxidative Stress in the Asian Freshwater Clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(22):16122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216122
Chicago/Turabian StyleCid-Samamed, Antonio, Miguel Ángel Correa-Duarte, Andrea Mariño-López, and Mário S. Diniz. 2023. "Exposure to Oxidized Multi-Walled CNTs Can Lead to Oxidative Stress in the Asian Freshwater Clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22: 16122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216122