Role and Regulation of Transcription Factors in Osteoclastogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Origins of Osteoclasts
2.1. EMP-Derived Osteoclasts
2.2. HSC-Derived Osteoclasts
3. Osteoclast Differentiation and Maturation
4. Intercellular Communication in Osteoclastogenesis
4.1. Osteoclast–Osteoblast Communication
4.2. Osteoclast–Osteocyte Communication
4.3. Osteoclast–Adipocyte Communication
4.4. Osteoclast–Immune Cell Communication
5. Transcriptional Regulation in Osteoclastogenesis
5.1. NFATc1
5.2. MITF
5.3. C/EBPα
5.4. PU.1
5.5. NF-κB
5.6. c-Fos
5.7. DAP12, TREM2, and FcRγ
5.8. Other Transcription Factors Regulating Osteoclast Differentiation
5.8.1. PLC-Gamma
5.8.2. AKT
5.8.3. Src
5.8.4. RIP140
5.8.5. TFE3
5.8.6. BCL-6 and Blimp1
5.8.7. DDIT3
6. Epigenetic Regulation of Transcription Factors in Osteoclastogenesis
6.1. Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs))
6.1.1. MiRNA
6.1.2. LncRNA
LncRNAs | Roles | Target Gene(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|
LncRNA TUG1 | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | TRAP, NFATc1, Mafb | [214] |
LncRNA-AK077216 | Bidirectional regulation of osteoclast differentiation | NFATc1 | [215] |
lncRNA Bmncr | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | RANKL | [222] |
LncRNA-Jak3 | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | NFATc1, CTSK | [223] |
LncRNA XIST | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | SPHK1, S1P, ERK | [224] |
LncRNA Nron | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | NF-κb, NFATc1 | [225] |
lncRNA-MIRG | Promoting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption function | miR-1897, NFATc1 | [226] |
lncRNA NEAT1 | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | M-CSF | [227] |
lncRNA HOTAIR | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | RANKL | [228] |
lncRNA SNHG15 | Promoting osteoclast differentiation, proliferation, and metastasis | miR-381-3p/ NEK2 | [229] |
6.1.3. CircRNA
CircRNAs | Roles | Target Gene(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|
CircCHEK1_246aa | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | NFATc1 | [233] |
CircRNA 28313 | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | CSF1, miR-195a | [234] |
CircRNA 009934 | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | miR-5107, TRAF6 | [235] |
Circ_0008542 | Promoting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption function | METTL3, miRNA-185-5p | [236] |
Circ_0007059 | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | miR-378, BMP-2 | [237] |
CircHmbox1 | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and promoting osteoblast differentiation | miRNA-1247-5p | [79] |
6.2. DNA and Histone Modifications
6.3. Modulating Epigenetic Regulators as Therapy for Bone Disorders
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drug Names | Functions | Side Effects | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-resorptive | ||||
RANKL antibody | Denosumab (Prolia) | Inhibiting the formation, function, and survival of osteoclasts | Rebound vertebral fractures | [12,13] |
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) | Raloxifene (Evista) | Regulating the survival of mature osteoclasts | Venous thromboembolism and stroke | [13,18] |
Cathepsin K Inhibitors | Odanacatib (III clinical trials) | Inhibiting the late differentiation of osteoclasts | Stroke | [14] |
Calcitonin | Calcitonin (Miacalcin) | Blocking the maturation of osteoclast precursors and regulating the function of osteoclasts | Rhinitis, nasal irritation, back pain, nosebleed, and headache | [13,19] |
Bisphosphonates (BPs) | Alendronate (Binosto, Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia), ibandronate (Boniva, Bondronat) | Induction of apoptosis in osteoclasts | Atypical femoral fractures, osteonecrosis of the jaw, gastrointestinal and renal complications, osteomalacia | [20,21,22] |
Anabolic | ||||
Strontium | Strontium ranelate (Protelos) | Interfering with osteoclast differentiation and promoting osteoclast differentiation | Heart problems | [23] |
MiRNAs | Roles | Target Gene(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|
MiR-21 | Inhibiting apoptosis of osteoclasts Promoting osteoclast differentiation | FasL PDCD4 | [189,190,191] |
MiR-21-5p | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation Promoting apoptosis of osteoclasts | SKP2 | [193,194] |
MiR-31 | Promoting osteoclast skeleton formation | RhoA | [196] |
MiR-92a-1-5p | Promoting osteoclast differentiation and repressing osteoblastogenesis | COL1A1 | [197] |
MiR-1260b | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | Wnt5a | [198] |
MiR-503-3p | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | Hpse | [200] |
MiR-182 | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | RBP-J and NFATc1 | [201] |
MiR-199a-5p | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | Mafb | [202] |
MiR-506-3p | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and the release of bone-resorbing enzymes | RANKL and NFATc1 | [203] |
MiR-206-3p | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | BMP3 and NFATc1 | [195] |
MiR-30a | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and skeleton formation | DC-STAMP, c-Fos, NFATc1 | [204] |
MiR-483-5p | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | NFATc1, NFAT2, CTSK | [205] |
MiR-133a | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | NFATc1, c-Fos, TRAP | [206] |
MiR-124 | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and promoting osteoclast differentiation | NFATc1 Pten/PI3K/Akt | [207,208] |
MiR-340 | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | MITF | [209] |
MiR-1276 | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | MITF | [138] |
MiR-214-5p | Promoting osteoclast differentiation | ITGA7 | [210] |
MiR-7b | Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | DC-STAMP | [211] |
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Jiang, T.; Xia, T.; Qiao, F.; Wang, N.; Jiang, Y.; Xin, H. Role and Regulation of Transcription Factors in Osteoclastogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216175
Jiang T, Xia T, Qiao F, Wang N, Jiang Y, Xin H. Role and Regulation of Transcription Factors in Osteoclastogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(22):16175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216175
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Tao, Tianshuang Xia, Fangliang Qiao, Nani Wang, Yiping Jiang, and Hailiang Xin. 2023. "Role and Regulation of Transcription Factors in Osteoclastogenesis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22: 16175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216175