Sex-Dependent Differences in Blood–Urine Barrier Are Subtle but Significant in Healthy and Chronically Inflamed Mouse Bladders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Healthy Bladders of Control Mice
2.1.1. Urothelial Permeability Barrier Function Is Attenuated in Female Bladders Compared with Male Bladders
2.1.2. Molecular Structure and Function of Urothelial Permeability Barrier Differs between the Sexes
2.1.3. The Amount of Glycocalyx Covering the Urothelium Is Slightly Different in the Two Sexes
2.2. Chronically Inflamed Bladders of CYP-Treated Mice
2.2.1. Restoration of Urothelial Permeability Barrier Function Is Impeded in Female Bladders
2.2.2. Urothelial Hyperplasia Is More Prominent in Female Bladders
2.2.3. Subtle Differences in Urothelial Cell Junction-Actin Cytoskeleton Network Are Present between the Sexes
2.2.4. Urothelial Glycosylation Pattern Differs between the Sexes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Induction of Chronic Bladder Inflammation
4.2. Ex Vivo Measurements of Urothelial Transepithelial Electrical Resistance
4.3. Determination of Potassium and Creatinine Concentration in Urine
4.4. Obtainment of Urothelial Tissue Samples, mRNA Extraction, and qPCR Analysis
4.5. RNA Sequencing Data
4.6. Immunofluorescence Labeling of Moesin and Quantitative Image Analysis
4.7. Lectin Histochemistry and Lectin Binding Evaluation
4.8. TEM Sample Preparation for the Glycocalyx Visualization
4.9. TEM Sample Preparation for the Permeability Study
4.10. Estimation of Urothelial Hyperplasia by Nuclear Density
4.11. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peskar, D.; Kerec Kos, M.; Cerkvenik, U.; Nemec Svete, A.; Erman, A. Sex-Dependent Differences in Blood–Urine Barrier Are Subtle but Significant in Healthy and Chronically Inflamed Mouse Bladders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216296
Peskar D, Kerec Kos M, Cerkvenik U, Nemec Svete A, Erman A. Sex-Dependent Differences in Blood–Urine Barrier Are Subtle but Significant in Healthy and Chronically Inflamed Mouse Bladders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(22):16296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216296
Chicago/Turabian StylePeskar, Dominika, Mojca Kerec Kos, Uroš Cerkvenik, Alenka Nemec Svete, and Andreja Erman. 2023. "Sex-Dependent Differences in Blood–Urine Barrier Are Subtle but Significant in Healthy and Chronically Inflamed Mouse Bladders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22: 16296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216296