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Article

Beta-Barrel Channel Response to High Electric Fields: Functional Gating or Reversible Denaturation?

by
Ekaterina M. Nestorovich
1,2,* and
Sergey M. Bezrukov
2
1
Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
2
Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(23), 16655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316655
Submission received: 30 September 2023 / Revised: 16 November 2023 / Accepted: 21 November 2023 / Published: 23 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Channels: Mechanistic Insights)

Abstract

Ion channels exhibit gating behavior, fluctuating between open and closed states, with the transmembrane voltage serving as one of the essential regulators of this process. Voltage gating is a fundamental functional aspect underlying the regulation of ion-selective, mostly α-helical, channels primarily found in excitable cell membranes. In contrast, there exists another group of larger, and less selective, β-barrel channels of a different origin, which are not directly associated with cell excitability. Remarkably, these channels can also undergo closing, or “gating”, induced by sufficiently strong electric fields. Once the field is removed, the channels reopen, preserving a memory of the gating process. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that the voltage-induced closure of the β-barrel channels can be seen as a form of reversible protein denaturation by the high electric fields applied in model membranes experiments—typically exceeding twenty million volts per meter—rather than a manifestation of functional gating. Here, we focused on the bacterial outer membrane channel OmpF reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers and analyzed various characteristics of the closing-opening process that support this idea. Specifically, we considered the nearly symmetric response to voltages of both polarities, the presence of multiple closed states, the stabilization of the open conformation in channel clusters, the long-term gating memory, and the Hofmeister effects in closing kinetics. Furthermore, we contemplate the evolutionary aspect of the phenomenon, proposing that the field-induced denaturation of membrane proteins might have served as a starting point for their development into amazing molecular machines such as voltage-gated channels of nerve and muscle cells.
Keywords: protein folding; single-molecule experiments; channel reconstitution; hysteresis; Hofmeister series protein folding; single-molecule experiments; channel reconstitution; hysteresis; Hofmeister series

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nestorovich, E.M.; Bezrukov, S.M. Beta-Barrel Channel Response to High Electric Fields: Functional Gating or Reversible Denaturation? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316655

AMA Style

Nestorovich EM, Bezrukov SM. Beta-Barrel Channel Response to High Electric Fields: Functional Gating or Reversible Denaturation? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(23):16655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316655

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nestorovich, Ekaterina M., and Sergey M. Bezrukov. 2023. "Beta-Barrel Channel Response to High Electric Fields: Functional Gating or Reversible Denaturation?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 23: 16655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316655

APA Style

Nestorovich, E. M., & Bezrukov, S. M. (2023). Beta-Barrel Channel Response to High Electric Fields: Functional Gating or Reversible Denaturation? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(23), 16655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316655

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