Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Differences in Microbiome between ASD and Non-ASD Patients
3.2. Probiotic Interventions
3.3. Microbiota Transfer Therapy Interventions
3.4. Prebiotic Therapy
3.5. Other Interventions
3.6. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Study | Country | ASD (n) | ASD Age (Years) | Healthy Control (n) | Healthy Control Age (Years) | Microbiota Assessment Method | Study Type | Microbiota Assessment —Other Important Results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavior | GI Symptoms | Microbiota Composition | ||||||||
Agarwala (2021) [29] | India | 30 | – | 30 | – | 16s rRNA | Retrospective | – | – | – |
Chiappori (2022) [30] | Italy | 6 | 6–17 | 6 | 10–20 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Coretti (2018) [31] | Italy | 11 | 2.92 ± 0.48 | 14 | 2.92 ± 0.70 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Ha (2021) [32] | South Korea | 54 | 7.0 ± 2.1 | 38 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | weak correlation of microbiota composition with SRS | – | – |
Huang (2020) [33] | China | 39 | 4.74 ± 1.12 | 44 (healthy control) 38 (mother control) | 5.11 ± 0.95 (healthy control) 34.12 ± 5.07 (mother control) | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Pulikkan (2018) [38] | India | 30 | 3–16 | 24 | 3.5–16 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Plaza-Diaz (2019) [37] | Spain | 54 | 2–6 | 57 | 2–6 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Son (2015) [42] | USA | 66 | 10.3 ± 1.8 | 37 (siblings) | 10.0 ± 1.8 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | correlation of FGID with: - Firmicutes: Asteroleplasma - Proteobacteria: Thalassospira, Burkholderia, Comamonadaceae - Fusobacteria: Fusobacteriales - Bacteroidetes: Prevotellaceae - Actinobacteria: Mobiluncus | – |
Strati (2017) [43] | Italy | 40 | 5–17 | 40 | 3.6–12 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | negative correlation of constipation with Gemmiger, Ruminococcus positive correlation of constipation with Escherichia/Shigella, Clostridium cluster XVIII | – |
Sun (2019) [44] | China | 9 | 3–12 | 6 | 3–12 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Tomova (2020) [46] | Slovakia | 46 | 4.0–8.5 | 16 | 2.8–9.15 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Wang (2011) [48] | Australia | 23 | 3–17 | 31 (22—siblings, 9—healthy independent) | siblings: 4.5–18.5 healthy independent: 3.5–15 | qPCR | case-controlled | – | – | comparable levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria in ASD and neurotypical children |
Wong (2020) [49] | China | 92 | 8.43 ± 1.54 | 112 | 8.12 ± 1.99 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Ye (2021) [50] | China | 71 | 4.28 ± 1.52 | 18 | 4.62 ± 1.29 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | strains selected for ASD prediction: Prevotella buccae, Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Eubacterium hallii, Clostridium ramosum, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 6_1_45, Eubacterium siraeum, Lautropia mirabilis |
Zhang (2018) [51] | China | 35 | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 6 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Zou (2020) [52] | China | 48 | 5 (2–7) | 48 | 4 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – | – | – |
Study | Country | ASD (n) | ASD Age (Years) | Healthy Control (n) | Healthy Control Age (Years) | Microbiota Assessment Method | Study Type | Microbiota Assessment—Behavior |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qiao (2018) [39] | China | 32 (salivary) 26 | 10.02 ± 1.43 (salivary) 10.15 ± 1.35 (dental) | 27 (salivary) 26 (dental) | 10.19 ± 0.59 (salivary) 10.37 ± 0.66 (dental) | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – |
Ragusa (2020) [40] | Italy | 76 | 7 ± 1.5 | 39 | 6.75 ± 1.51 | RT-PCR | case-controlled | positive correlation: Moryella—VIQ, Ralstonia—ADI-A negative correlation: Moryella—ADI-D, Saccharibacteria—ADI-B and ADI-C, Weeksellaceae and Ralstonia—VIQ, PIQ, TIQ significant predictors of Tannerella abundance: VIQ, PIQ, TIQ, ADI-C, ADOS-A |
Tong (2022) [47] | China | 26 | 4.13 ± 0.95 | 26 | 4.04 ± 0.89 | 16s rRNA | case-controlled | – |
Study | Country | ASD (n) | ASD Age (Years) | Healthy Control (n) | Healthy Control age (years) | Microbiota Assessment method | Study Type | Intervention Type | Intervention Length | Microbiota Assessment— Other Important Results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavior | GI Symptoms | Microbiota Composition | ||||||||||
Arnold (2019) [5] | USA | 10 (6—probiotic first, then placebo, 4—placebo first, then probiotic) | 3–12 | 0 | – | 16S rRNA | RCT, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel | Probiotic (Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium longum, B. infantis, B. breve, Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus) | 8 weeks of probiotics or placebo, 3 weeks of washout, 8 weeks of a crossover treatment | statistically important improvement: ABC, SRS, CSHQ, PSI-SF non-statistically important improvement: PRAS-ASD | non-statistically important improvement: Peds-QL GI module correlation of relative abundance of Lactobacillus and PEDS-QL | – |
Grimaldi (2018) [8] | UK | 30 (18—non-restrictive diet, 12—exclusion diet) | 4–11 (mean 7.7) | – | – | 16s rRNA | RCT, double-blind, parallel | B-GOS | 6 weeks | B-GOS: - some children showed improvement in sleep patterns - significant improvement in social behavior of children on restrictive diet | lower baseline FGID in the children on restrictive diet (abdominal pain, bowel movement) B-GOS: - non-statistically important improvement in FGID, | unrestricted diet group: increase in Bifidobacterium spp., Ruminococcus spp., Lachnospiraceae (Coprococcus spp., Dorea formicigenerans, Oribacterium spp.), Eubacterium dolchum, Saccharibacteria, Mogibacteriaceae restricted diet group: Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium longum the most abundant in Bifidobacterium spp.—the latter predominant |
Kang (2017) [34] | USA | 18 | 7–16 | 20 | 7–16 | 16s rRNA | nRCT, cohort, case-controlled | MTT | 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment and cleansing bowels, MTT for 7–8 weeks | significant improvement in behavior (PGI-II, CARS, VABS-II) | significant improvement in GI symptoms: abdominal pain, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation (GSRS) | increase in the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Desulfovibrio (two former—persistent increase) |
Kang (2019) [35] | USA | 18 | 7–16 | – | – | 16s rRNA | nRCT, cohort, case-controlled | MTT—follow-up after 2 years | 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment and cleansing bowels, MTT for 7–8 weeks; follow-up after 2 years | – | – | – |
Niu (2019) [36] | China | 114; 37—probiotic, 28—without probiotic | 3–8 (mean 4.5) | 40 | 3–8 (mean 4.2) | PCR | nRCT, open-label, case-controlled | Probiotics | 4 weeks | improvement in behavior (ATEC), mood, eating pattern abnormalities, sleep quality | improvement | – |
Sanctuary (2019) [9] | USA | 8 | 6.8 ± 2.4 (3.9–10.9) | – | – | 16s rRNA | RCT, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel | Prebiotic (bovine colostrum product) only or pre- and probiotic (bovine colostrum product + Bifidobacterium infantis) | 5 weeks of probiotic + prebiotic supplementation, 2 weeks of washout, 5 weeks of prebiotic only supplementation | BCP only: - improvement in irritability, stereotypy, hyperactivity, lethargy—ABC, ABAS-II, RBS-R BCP + probiotic: - improvement in lethargy (ABC) | BCP only: - 87.5% of patients—some improvement in GI symptoms (QPGS-RIII, CHARGE-GIH) - GI symptoms improvement greater, according to parents BCP + probiotic: - 100% of patients—some improvement in GI symptoms (QPGS-RIII, CHARGE-GIH) | four microbiota enterotypes—high in: Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, mixed no or inconsistent change in enterotype after intervention |
Santocchi (2020) [10] | Italy | 63 | 4.15 ± 1.08 | – | – | – | RCT, double blind, parallel, factorial, efficacy controlled | Probiotic: Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, B. infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. para-casei, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricu | 6 months | no statistically significant difference in the total ADOS-CSS if analyzed in children both with and without GI symptoms in children without GI symptoms: the total ADOS-CSS decreased in probiotic group and increased in placebo group in children with GI symptoms: improvement in adaptive functioning (receptive, domestic, and coping skills, sensory profile—VABS-II subscales) | in children with GI symptoms: improvement (total GSI, 6-GSI, stool smell, flatulence) | – |
Shaaban (2017) [41] | Egypt | 30 | 5–9 | 30 | 5–9 | RT-PCR, qPCR | nRCT, prospective, open-label | Probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium longum) | 3 months | improvement in speech/language/communication, sociability, sensory/cognitive awareness, and health/physical/behavior in ATEC | improvement in 6-GSI (especially constipation, stool consistency, flatulence, abdominal pain) | increase in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus |
Tomova (2014) [45] | Slovakia | 10 | 2–9 | 19 (10—non-autistic siblings, 10—non-autistic independent controls) | siblings: 5–17 independent controls: 2–11 | RT-PCR | nRCT, prospective, open-label, controlled | Probiotic: 3 strains of Lactobacillus, 2 strains of Bifidobacteria, 1 strain of Streptococcus | 4 months | positive correlation between severity of core symptoms and higher Clostridia and Desulfovibrio levels, and lower Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio | positive correlation between severity of GI symptoms and lower Clostridia and Desulfovibrio levels, and lower Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio | siblings vs. independent controls: - ↑ Firmicutes - ↓ Bacteroidetes - ↓ Bacteroidetes/ Firmicutes ratio Probiotics: - increase in Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio - lower Lactobacillus absolute amount, higher relative amount - lower Desulfovibrio level |
Wang (2020) [11] | China | 26 | 2–8 | 24 | 2–8 | 16s rRNA | RCT, case-controlled, placebo-controlled, double-blind | Probiotic (Bifidobacterium infantis, B. lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. paracasei) | 30 days | a significant decrease in severity of autistic symptoms—ATEC (speech/language/communication and sociability categories) | – | – |
Study | Country | Articles Included (n) | ASD (n) | Healthy Control (n) | Method | Microbiota Assessment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavior | GI Symptoms | Microbiota Composition | ||||||
Andreo-Martinez (2021) [14] | Spain | 18 | 642 | 356 | MA | Bacteroides—positive correlation with ASD severity | – | – |
Iglesias-Vasquez (2020) [15] | Spain | 18 | 493 | 404 | SR/MA | – | – | – |
Martinez-Gonzalez (2019) [20] | Spain | 16 | – | – | SR | – | – | – |
Ng (2019) [21] | Singapore | 8 | 544 | – | SR | Probiotics: - L. plantarum (39 patients): no differences in behavior - L. acidophilus (22 patients): improvement in concentration - L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, B. longum (30 patients): improved behavior - L. rhamnosus, B. animalis, B. lactis (342 patients): worse behavior after probiotics - L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. delbrueckii, B. longum, B. bifidum (33 patients): improvement in behavior B-GOS (30 patients): - no difference in sleep pattern | Probiotics: - L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. delbrueckii, B. longum, B. bifidum (33 patients): improvement in GI symptoms - L. plantarum (39 patients): no differences in GI symptoms - L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, B. longum (30 patients): improved GI symptoms Bovine colostrum (8 patients): - ↓ GI symptoms B-GOS (30 patients): - ↓ GI discomfort with no difference in GI symptoms | Probiotics: - L. plantarum (39 patients): ↓ Clostridium after probiotics - L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, B. longum (30 patients): ↑ Bifidobacterium after probiotics - Lactobacillus (3 strains), Bifidobacteria (2 strains), Streptococcus (1 strain) (29) patients: ↓ Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus |
Patel (2022) [22] | USA | 9 | 710 | – | SR | – | - gut dysbiosis connected with the severity and prevalence of GI symptoms - probiotics: improvement in GI symptoms and behavior - prebiotics: equivocal efficacy | – |
Song (2022) [16] | China | 3 | 144 (74 pro- and prebiotic, 34 placebo) | MA | - core symptoms: 2 studies—no significant improvement, 1 study—improvement in speech/language/communication - behavior: improvement in 2 studies | improvement in 2 studies | – | |
Srikantha (2019) [23] | Switzerland | 136 | – | – | SR | - ↓ diversity correlated with the severity of GI symptoms - ↑ Clostridium spp. (C. perfingens) correlated with higher severity of symptoms (CARS) Probiotics: - Lactobacillus + Bifidobacterium: improvement in PGI-III Vancomycin therapy: - improvement in behavioral difficulties during antibiotic therapy, but not after its end (weak evidence) | MTT: - improvement in GI symptoms Probiotics: improvement in GI symptoms | Probiotics: - Lactobacillus + Bifidobacterium + Streptococcus: ↑ Bacteroidetes and Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio - Lactobacillus + Bifidobacterium: -↑ diversity - ↑ Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Desulfovibrio |
Tan (2021) [24] | Canada | 13 | 481 | – | SR | Probiotics: - no influence, 4 RCTs - positive influence, 5 papers (1 RCT, 4 non-RCTs) Pre- and synbiotics: - positive influence, 4 papers (3 RCTs, 1 non-RCT) MTT: - positive influence, 1 non-RCT study in 2 papers | Probiotics: - no influence, 4 papers (3 RCTs, 1 non-RCT) - positive influence, 2 non-RCTs Pre- and synbiotics: - no influence, 1 RCT - positive influence, 2 papers (1 RCT, 1 non-RCT) MTT: - positive influence, 1 non-RCT study in 2 papers | – |
West (2022) [17] | USA | 13 | – | – | MA | – | – | – |
Wu (2020) [25] | China | 5 | 169 | 128 | MA | – | – | Prevotella, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Megasphaera, Catenibacterium—potential biomarkers of ASD (in forest analysis machine learning) |
Xu (2019) [18] | China | 9 | 254 | 167 | SR, MA | – | – | – |
Zafar (2021) [27] | Pakistan | 8 (6 original papers + 2 SRs including 153 studies) | 330 | 178 | SR | – | – | – |
Zhang (2023) [28] | China | 5 | 150 | – | SR | MTT: - improvement in CARS, ABC, VABS-II, sleep disturbances | MTT: - improvement - ↓ Eubacterium coprostanoligenes correlated with GI symptoms | MTT: - ↑ Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Desulfovibrio, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium |
Zhou (2023) [52] | China | 9 (5 RCTs included in MA) | 186 | 150 | MA | MTT: ABC and CARS significantly ↓ | – | – |
Yang (2020) [26] | China | 16 | 376 | 66 | SR | Probiotics: - improvement in ASD core symptoms comparable to placebo, 3 papers - greater improvement after probiotics only in comparison to probiotics + prebiotics, 1 paper - improvement in irritability (ATEC), 2 papers - improvement in concentration and carrying out orders, 1 paper Prebiotics: - improvement in sociability, 1 paper Pre- and probiotics combined: - improvement in behavior (CARS, SRS, VABS-II, ABC), 2 papers MTT: - ↓ CARS, 1 paper Vitamin A supplementation: - no influence on ASD core symptoms Streptococcus, Alistipes putredinis, Bacteroides, Clostridium—positive correlation with ASD symptoms Coprococcus—negative correlation with CARS Lactobacillus—correlation with Peds-QL | Probiotics: - no improvement, 2 papers - non-statistically important improvement, 2 papers - statistically important improvement, 1 paper Prebiotics: - improvement, 1 paper Pre- and probiotics combined: - improvement, 2 papers MTT: - statistically significant improvement, 2 papers Blautia wexlerae—positive correlation with the frequency of stool passage Clostridium leptum, Eubacterium sp. Marseille—negative correlation with the frequency of stool passage | Probiotics: - effective, 8 papers - ineffective, 1 paper - ↑ Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus (relative amount), Enterococci - ↓ Firmicutes, Desulfovibrio, Clostridium, Lactobacillus (absolute amount) Prebiotics: - ↓ a-diversity - ↑ Bifidobacteriales - ↓ Clostridium MTT: - ↑ Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Desulfovibrio - ↓ Bacteroides fragilis Vitamin A supplementation: - ↑ Bacteroidetes/Bacteroidales and Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio |
Phylum/Genus | Agarwala (2021) [29] | Arnold (2019) [5] | Chiappori (2022) [30] | Coretti (2018) [31] | Grimaldi (2018) [8] | Ha (2021) [32] | Huang (2020) [33] | Kang (2017) [34] | Niu (2019) [36] | Pulikkan (2018) [38] | Plaza-Diaz (2019) [37] | Sanctuary (2019) [9] | Shaaban (2017) [41] | Son (2015) [42] | Strati (2017) [43] | Sun (2019) [44] | Tomova (2014) [45] | Tomova (2020) [46] | Wang (2011) [48] | Wang (2020) [11] | Wong (2020) [49] | Ye (2021) [50] | Zhang (2018) [51] | Zou (2020) [52] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinobacteria | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ng | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||||||||||
Actinomyces | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Bifidobacterium | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ed ↑nd | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ sc | ↓sc, ic | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | |||||||||
Collinsella | = | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ng | ||||||||||||||||||||
Corynebacterium | = | ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Eggerthella | ↓ | ↓ | ↑nd | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nitriliruptor | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Bacteroidetes | ↓ | ↑ed | ↓ | ↓ | = | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | |||||||||||||||
Alistipes | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ng | |||||||||||||||||||||
Barnesiella | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Odoribacter | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Parabacteroides | = | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑nfs | ↓ng | |||||||||||||||||
Prevotella | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | = | ↑fs | = | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||
Bacillota (Firmicutes) | ↓ | ↑ed | = | ↑3,4 ↓5,6 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑3,7,8 ↓6 | ↓9 ↑5 | ↑g | ↑/ ↓5 | ↓/↑5,6 | |||||||||||||
Acidaminococcus | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Anaerophilum | ↑fs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Anaerostipes | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Blautia | = | ↓ | ↑ng | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||
Butyricicoccus | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Butyrivirio | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Christensenella | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cloacibacillus | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Clostridium | ↓10 | ↑ | ↑sc | ↑fs | = | ↓ng | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||
Coprococcus | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Dehalobacterium | ↑nd | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Dialister | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑g | ↓ | ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||
Dorea | ↑ | ↑ng | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Eisenbergiella | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Enterococcus | = | ↑ | = | |||||||||||||||||||||
Eubacterium | ↓ | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Faecalibacterium | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ed | ↓ | = | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | |||||||||||||||
Filifactor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flavonifactor | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fusicatenibacter | ↑g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gemella | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Lactobacillus | = | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||
Lactostreptococcus | ↑nd | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Lachnospira | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Limosilactobacillus | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Megasphaera | ↑ | ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitsuokella | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Oscillospira | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Phascolarctobacterium | = | ↓ | ↓g | |||||||||||||||||||||
Streptococcus | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑nd | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||
Roseburia | = | ↑ed | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||
Ruminococcus | = | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||
Ruminiclostridium | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sarcina | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Turicibacter | ↑g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Veillonella | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fusobacteriota | = | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cetobacterium | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fusobacterium | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Lentisphaerota | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) | ↑ | ↑ | = | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑fs | ↑ | ↓ | |||||||||||||||
Citrobacter | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Constrictibacter | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Dichelobacter | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Diaphorobacter | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Enterobacter | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Escherichia | = | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Haemophilus | = | ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Klebsiella | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Nitratireductor | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Phyllobacterium | ↑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Providencia | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Salmonella | ↑fs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Shigella | ↓ng | ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Sutterella | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Saccharibacteria | = | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermodesulfobacteriota | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Bilophila | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Desulfovibrio | = | ↑sc | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Verrucomicrobiota | = | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Akkermansia | ↓ | ↓ | ↑nd | ↓ic | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |||||||||||||||||
Bacteroidetes/ Firmicutes ratio | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | = | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | |||||||||||||||
Overall bacterial diversity | = | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Escherichia/ Shigella ratio | ↑ | ↑fs |
Phylum/Genus | Andreo-Martinez (2021) [14] | Iglesias-Vasquez (2020) [15] | Martinez-Gonzales (2019) [20] | Srikantha (2019) [23] | West (2022) [17] | Xu (2019) [18] | Zafar (2021) [27] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinobacteria | ↑ (2) | ||||||
Actinomyces | ↑b | ||||||
Bifidobacterium | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ (2) | ||
Collinsella | ↓ | ↑ (1) | |||||
Bacteroidetes | ↑ | ↓ (2)/↑ (1) | |||||
Alistipes | ↓ (1) | ||||||
Bacteroides | (↑) | ↑ | ↓b | ↓ng | ↓ | ||
Barnesiella | ↑ | ||||||
Odoribacter | ↑ | ||||||
Parabacteroides | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ (1)/↓ (1) | |||
Porphyromonas | ↑ | ||||||
Prevotella | (↓) | ↓g | ↑/↓b | ↑ (2)/↓ (3) | |||
Bacillota (Firmicutes) | ↑ | ↑ (1) | |||||
Acidaminococcus | ↓ (1) | ||||||
Anaerophilum | ↑ | ||||||
Clostridium | (↑) | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ng | = | ↑ (3) | |
Coprococcus | ↓ | ||||||
Dialister | ↓ (1) | ||||||
Dorea | ↑ | ↑ (1) | |||||
Enterococcus | ↓ | ↓ | |||||
Faecalibacterium | ↑ | ↑/↑b | ↑ | ||||
Flavonifactor | ↓ (1) | ||||||
Granulicatella | ↓ | ||||||
Lactobacillus | (↑) | = | ↑ | ↑ (1)/↓ (2) | |||
Lachnospira | (↓) | ↑b | ↑ (1)/↓ (1) | ||||
Lactococcus | ↓ | ||||||
Masilloclostridium | ↓ng | ||||||
Oscillospira | ↓/↑b | ↑ (1) | |||||
Peptostreptococcus | ↑b | ↑ | |||||
Phascolarctobacterium | ↑ | ||||||
Sporobacter | ↓ | ||||||
Staphylococcus | ↓ | ||||||
Streptococcus | ↓ | ↓g | ↓/↓b | ↑ (2)/↓ (1) | |||
Subdoligranulum | ↓ | ||||||
Roseburia | (↓) | ↑ | |||||
Ruminococcus | (↓) | ↑b | ↑ | ↑ (1)/↓ (1) | |||
Turicibacter | ↑ | ||||||
Tyzzerella | ↓ | ||||||
Veillonella | ↓g | ↑ (2) | |||||
Fusobacteriota | |||||||
Fusobacterium | ↓ | ↓ (1) | |||||
Lentisphaerota | |||||||
Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) | ↑ | ↑b | ↑ (3) | ||||
Aeromonas | ↑ | ||||||
Burkholderia | ↑b | ||||||
Devosia | ↓b | ↓ | |||||
Neisseria | ↓b | ||||||
Parasutterella | ↑ | ||||||
Pseudomonas | ↑ | ||||||
Ralstonia | ↑b | ||||||
Tenericutes | ↑ | ||||||
Enterobacter | ↑ | ↓ (1) | |||||
Escherichia | ↓/↓b | ↓ | ↑ (1) | ||||
Shigella | ↓ (1) | ||||||
Sutterella | (↑) | ↑b | ↑ (2) | ||||
Thermodesulfobacteriota | |||||||
Bilophila | ↓ (1) | ||||||
Desulfovibrio | ↑ | ||||||
Verrucomicrobiota | ↓ | ↓ (1) | |||||
Akkermansia | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ (1) | ||||
Bacteroidetes/ Firmicutes ratio | ↓ | ↑ |
Phylum/Genus | Qiao (2018) [39] | Ragusa (2020) [40] | Tong (2022) [47] |
---|---|---|---|
Actinobacteria | ↓ | ↑ | |
Actinomyces | ↓s | ||
Rothia | ↑d/↓s | ↑ | |
Bacteroidetes | ↓ | ↑ | |
Alloprevotella | ↓ s, d | ||
Porphyromonas | ↓ s | ||
Prevotella | ↓ d/= s | ||
Tannerella | ↓ | ||
Bacillota (Firmicutes) | ↓ | ↓ | |
Filifactor | ↑ | ||
Moryella | ↓ | ||
Peptostreptococcus | ↓ s, d | ||
Selenomonas | ↓ d | ||
Solobacterium | ↓ s, d | ||
Streptococcus | ↑ d | ↑ | |
Fusobacteriota | ↓ | ↓ | |
Fusobacterium | ↓ s, d | ||
Leptotrichia | ↓ s, d | ||
Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) | ↑ | ↑ | |
Actinobacillus | ↑ | ||
Aggregatibacter | ↑ | ||
Haemophilus | ↑ s | ↑ | |
Ralstonia | ↑ | ||
Saccharibacteria | ↓ | ||
Overall bacterial diversity | ↓ |
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Lewandowska-Pietruszka, Z.; Figlerowicz, M.; Mazur-Melewska, K. Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316660
Lewandowska-Pietruszka Z, Figlerowicz M, Mazur-Melewska K. Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(23):16660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316660
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewandowska-Pietruszka, Zuzanna, Magdalena Figlerowicz, and Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska. 2023. "Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 23: 16660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316660