Hypoxic Effects on Matrix Metalloproteinases’ Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The MMPs’ Family
3. MMPs’ Enzymatic Regulation
4. Regulation of MMPs’ Expression
4.1. Transcription Regulation
4.2. Post-Transcriptional Regulation
5. The Hypoxic TME
6. The MMPs in the Acidic TME
7. The Hypoxic Inducible Factors (HIFs)
8. MMPs Expression and HIFs Hypoxic Conditions
8.1. MMP-1
8.2. MMP-2
8.3. MMP-9
8.4. MMP-13
8.5. MMP-14
8.6. MMP-15 and MMP-17
9. The HIF-1α/IL-6/JAK/STAT/MMPs Axis
10. HIF-1α, Toll-like Receptors, and MMPs
11. HIF-Independent MMPs’ Expression Regulation
12. Therapy Resistance under a Hypoxic Environment
13. MMPs’ in Cancer Treatment
13.1. MMPs’ Synthetic and Natural Inhibitors
13.2. MicroRNAs
13.3. Nanoparticles
14. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | MMP |
---|---|
Gelatinases | MMP-2 (gelatinase A) MMP-9 (gelatinase B) |
Collagenases | MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase 1) MMP-8 (collagenase 2/neutrophil collagenase) MMP-13 (collagenase 3) MMP-18 (collagenase 4) |
Stromelysins | MMP-3 (stromelysin 1) MMP-10 (stromelysin 2) MMP-11 (stromelysin 3) |
Transmembrane Type I | MMP-14 (MT1-MMP) MMP-15 (MT2-MMP) MMP-16 (MT3-MMP) MMP-24 (MT5-MMP) |
Transmembrane Type II | MMP-23 (CA-MMP) |
GPI anchored | MMP-17 (MMT4-MMP) MMP-25 (MMT6-MMP) |
Matrilysins | MMP-7 (matrilysin 1) MMP-26 (matrilysin 2) |
Other MMPs | MMP-12 (macrophage elastase) MMP-19 (RASI-1) MMP-20 (enamelysin) MMP-21 MMP-27 MMP-28 (epilysin) |
MMP | AP-1 | AP-2 | DR1-RARE | DR3-RARE | ETs | NF-ĸB | RunX2 | Sp1/Sp3 | STAT | TCF/LEF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMP-1 | + | --- | + | --- | + | + | + | --- | + | + |
MMP-2 | --- | --- | + | --- | --- | + | --- | + | + | --- |
MMP-3 | + | --- | --- | --- | + | --- | --- | --- | + | + |
MMP-7 | + | --- | + | --- | + | + | + | --- | + | + |
MMP-8 | + | + | + | --- | + | + | + | --- | --- | + |
MMP-9 | + | --- | + | --- | --- | + | --- | + | + | + |
MMP-10 | + | --- | --- | --- | + | + | --- | --- | + | + |
MMP-11 | + | --- | + | --- | + | + | --- | --- | --- | --- |
MMP-12 | + | --- | --- | --- | + | --- | --- | --- | + | --- |
MMP-13 | + | --- | + | --- | + | + | + | --- | + | --- |
MMP-14 | --- | --- | + | --- | + | + | --- | + | --- | + |
MMP-15 | --- | + | --- | --- | + | + | --- | --- | + | --- |
MMP-16 | --- | + | --- | --- | + | --- | --- | + | --- | --- |
MMP-17 | + | + | + | + | --- | + | + | + | + | --- |
MMP-19 | + | + | + | --- | --- | + | --- | --- | --- | + |
MMP-20 | + | + | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
MMP-21 | --- | + | + | + | + | --- | + | --- | --- | + |
MMP-23a | + | + | + | --- | --- | + | --- | + | + | + |
MMP-24 | --- | + | --- | --- | + | + | --- | + | --- | --- |
MMP-25 | --- | + | --- | --- | + | + | --- | + | --- | --- |
MMP-26 | + | --- | + | + | + | + | + | --- | --- | + |
MMP-27 | + | + | --- | --- | + | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
MMP-28 | + | + | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | + | + | + |
Therapy Strategy | MMPs Specificity | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
sMMPIs | |||
Thiirane-based slow inhibitors | ND-322 | MMP-2, MMP-14 | [130] |
SB-3CT | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [131] | |
Chemical modified tetracyclines | Metastat (COL-3) | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13 | [129,130,131,132,133] |
Doxycycline (Periostat) | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9 | [129,130,131,132,133] | |
Minocycline (Minocin) | MMP-2. MMP-9 | [129,130,131,132,133] | |
Peptidomimetic inhibitors | Batismastat (BB-94) | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9 | [129,130,131,132,133] |
Marimastat (BB-2516) | MMP-1, MM-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-14 | [129,130,131,132,133] | |
Non-peptidomimetic inhibitors | CGS-27023A | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9 | [129,130,131,132,133] |
Prinomastat (AG3340) | MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13, MMP-14 | [129,130,131,132,133] | |
Rebimastat | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-14 | [129,130,131,132,133] | |
Tanomastat | MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13, MMP-14 | [129,130,131,132,133] | |
Sulfonamide derivatives | Disulfiram | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [129,130,131,132,133] |
S3304 | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [129,130,131,132,133] | |
Off-target MMPI | Letrozole (non-steroidal hormone) | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [129,130,131,132,133] |
Zoledronic acid (bisphosphonate) | MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, MMP-15 | [129,130,131,132,133] | |
Immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies) | |||
AB0041, AB0046 | MMP-9 | [133] | |
DX-2400 | MMP-14 | [133] | |
GS-5745 | MMP-9 | [133] | |
Natural inhibitors | |||
Baicalein | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [134] | |
Genistein (soya isoflavone) | MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, MMP-15, MMP-16 | [135] | |
Ginesoide Rh1 (Panax ginseng) | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [136] | |
Neovastat AE941 (shark cartilage) | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-12, MMP-13 | [133] | |
Phenolic compounds | Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [137] |
Isoliquiritigenin | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13 | [138] | |
Isosylibin | MMP-13 | [138] | |
Mangiferin | MMP-9 | [138] | |
MicroRNAs | |||
miRNA-16 | MMP-9 | [39] | |
miRNA-29b | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [41,43] | |
miRNA-34a | MMP-9, MMP-14 | [42] | |
miRNA-125 | MMP-13 | [37] | |
miRNA-143 | MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13 | [139] | |
miRNA-146a | MMP-1 | [140] | |
miRNA-183 | MMP-9 | [40] | |
miRNA-539 | MMP-8 | [38] | |
Nanoparticles | AuNPs | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9 | [132] |
AgNPs | MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 | [132] | |
Cu2O/CQDs | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [141] | |
Fe3O4@PO | MMP-2 | [132] | |
Fullurenols | MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13 | [132] | |
GaAuNPs | MMP-9 | [142] | |
Gd@C82(OH)22 | MMP-2, MMP-9 | [143] | |
PtNPs | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9 | [132] | |
Resveratrol NPs | MMP-23 | [144] | |
SeHAN-NPs | MMP-9 | [132] | |
SeNPs | MMP-2 | [132] | |
WO3 NPs | MMP-7 | [132] | |
ZnO NPs | MMP-9 | [132] |
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Gonzalez-Avila, G.; Sommer, B.; Flores-Soto, E.; Aquino-Galvez, A. Hypoxic Effects on Matrix Metalloproteinases’ Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316887
Gonzalez-Avila G, Sommer B, Flores-Soto E, Aquino-Galvez A. Hypoxic Effects on Matrix Metalloproteinases’ Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(23):16887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316887
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalez-Avila, Georgina, Bettina Sommer, Edgar Flores-Soto, and Arnoldo Aquino-Galvez. 2023. "Hypoxic Effects on Matrix Metalloproteinases’ Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Perspectives" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 23: 16887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316887