Stress Conditions Affect the Immunomodulatory Potential of Candida albicans Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on Cytokine Release by THP-1 Human Macrophages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fungal Strains, Culture Conditions, and EVs Isolation
4.2. Characterization of EVs—NTA Analyses, Protein Concentration Measurements, and TEM Imaging
4.3. Labeling of C. albicans EVs with Tetramethylrhodamine-Conjugated Concanavalin A
4.4. Measurements of Superoxide Dismutase Enzymatic Activity
4.5. Cell Culture Conditions
4.6. The Zeta Potential Measurements of EVs, Liposomes, and Cells
4.7. Stimulation of THP-1 Cells with Fungal EVs
4.8. Analysis of EVs Internalization
4.9. Cytotoxicity Assay
4.10. Cytokine Production Assay
4.11. Intracellular ROS Production
4.12. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kulig, K.; Bednaruk, K.; Rudolphi-Szydło, E.; Barbasz, A.; Wronowska, E.; Barczyk-Woznicka, O.; Karnas, E.; Pyza, E.; Zuba-Surma, E.; Rapala-Kozik, M.; et al. Stress Conditions Affect the Immunomodulatory Potential of Candida albicans Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on Cytokine Release by THP-1 Human Macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417179
Kulig K, Bednaruk K, Rudolphi-Szydło E, Barbasz A, Wronowska E, Barczyk-Woznicka O, Karnas E, Pyza E, Zuba-Surma E, Rapala-Kozik M, et al. Stress Conditions Affect the Immunomodulatory Potential of Candida albicans Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on Cytokine Release by THP-1 Human Macrophages. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(24):17179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417179
Chicago/Turabian StyleKulig, Kamila, Katarzyna Bednaruk, Elzbieta Rudolphi-Szydło, Anna Barbasz, Ewelina Wronowska, Olga Barczyk-Woznicka, Elzbieta Karnas, Elzbieta Pyza, Ewa Zuba-Surma, Maria Rapala-Kozik, and et al. 2023. "Stress Conditions Affect the Immunomodulatory Potential of Candida albicans Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on Cytokine Release by THP-1 Human Macrophages" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24: 17179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417179