Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Form of Selenium on the Interferon-Tau Signaling Mechanism in the Caruncular Tissue of Beef Heifers at Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Real-Time PCR Analysis of Selenoproteins and Selenoprotein P Receptors mRNA
2.2. Cluster Analyses
2.3. Differentially Expressed Genes
2.4. Pathway and Gene Network Analysis
2.5. Real-Time PCR Analysis of Select mRNA Transcripts
3. Discussion
3.1. Selenoproteins
3.2. Caruncular Transcriptomics
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Experimental Procedure
4.2. Experimental Regimen and Serum Collection
4.3. RNA Extraction
4.4. RNA-Sequencing
4.5. Real-Time PCR Analysis
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Gene | Gene Name | Accession Number 1 | Oligonucleotide Primer Design (5′ to 3′) Direction | Amplicon Length (bp) | Product Identity (%) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enzymatic transcripts | |||||
Dio1 | Iodothyronine deiodinase 1 | NM_001122593.2 | F: TCCTGTAGTCCGCCTGTCA R: TCCGGTGATTCTTGATGTCCA | 242 | 99 |
Dio2 | Iodothyronine deiodinase 2 | NM_001010992.4 | F: GATGGGCATCCTCAGCGTAG R: TTCTCCTGGGCACCATTTCC | 315 | 100 |
Dio3 | Iodothyronine deiodinase 3 | NM_001010993.3 | F: AAGTGGAGCTCAACAGCGAT R: AGTCGAGGATGTGCTGGTTC | 213 | 100 |
Glutathione peroxidases | |||||
Gpx1 | Glutathione peroxidase 1 | NM_174076.3 | F: GCAACCAGTTTGGGCATCAG R: TAGGGTCGGTCATGAGAGCA | 210 | 100 |
Gpx2 | Glutathione peroxidase 2 | NM_001163139.2 | F: AACAGCCTCAAGTACGTCCG R: TCGGTCATGAGGGAAAACGG | 158 | 100 |
Gpx3 | Glutathione peroxidase 3 | NM_174077.5 | F: GCACCATCTATGAGTACGGGG R: CCCCATTCACATCGCCTTTC | 315 | 100 |
Gpx4 | Glutathione peroxidase 4 | NM_174770.3 | F: GATCAAAGAGTTCGCCGCTG R: CCATACCGCTTCACCACACA | 198 | 100 |
Gpx6 | Glutathione peroxidase 6 | NM_001163142.1 | F: CACTGTTCCTGGTCGGCTTA R: CCCAGCACAACTACACCGAA | 259 | 100 |
Thioredoxin reductases | |||||
Txnrd1 | Thioredoxin reductase 1 | NM_174625.5 | F: AAGGCCGCGTTATTTGGGTA R: CCTGGTGTCCCTGCTTCAAT | 306 | 100 |
Txnrd2 | Thioredoxin reductase 2 | NM_174626.2 | F: CAAATGGCTTCGCTGGTCAC R: TTCGTATGCACACCAGCCTT | 230 | 100 |
Txnrd3 | Thioredoxin reductase 3 | XM_015468824.1 | F: CGGCGTATGACTACGACCTC R: GACTGTACTCCCAGCCGAAC | 249 | 100 |
Other selenoproteins | |||||
Selenof | Selenoprotein F | NM_001034759.2 | F: GCAGCTCCTGTGATTTGCTT R: TTTAGCACAGGGTCTGAACCG | 241 | 100 |
Selenoh | Selenoprotein H | NM_001321327.1 | F: CACGAGCTGACGAGTCTACG R: CTTCTTCAGCTCCTCCAGCA | 235 | 100 |
Selenoi | Selenoprotein I | NM_001075257.2 | F: TCTGGCTTTCTGCTGGTTGT R: TGGTCAAAAAGCTCCCCCAG | 212 | 100 |
Selenok | Selenoprotein K | NM_001037489.3 | F: CCGTTTTGTCGATTCACGGC R: CAGATGAGCTTCCGTAGCCT | 278 | 100 |
Selenom | Selenoprotein M | NM_001163171.2 | F: CCCACTCTACCACAACCTGG R: ACCTAAAGGTCTGCGTGGTC | 249 | 100 |
Selenon | Selenoprotein N | NM_001114976.2 | F: GTGGCCATGTACCCCTTCAA R: GGGATGGGTTCTCCTGGTTG | 265 | 100 |
Selenoo | Selenoprotein O | NM_001163193.2 | F: TGGACAGGTATGACCCCGAT R: ATCTTCTGCAGGTAGTGCCG | 202 | 100 |
Selenop | Selenoprotein P | NM_174459.3 | F: TCAGGTCTTCATCACCACCA R: GTGGCAACAGCAGCTACTCA | 201 | 100 |
Selenor | Selenoprotein R, Methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (MSRB1) | NM_001034810.2 | F: GAACCACTTTGAGCCGGGTA R: GGCCATCGTTCAGGAACTCA | 221 | 100 |
Selenos | Selenoprotein S | NM_001046114.3 | F: CCCACCCTCGAGACCGA R: GCCCAGGACTGTCTTCTTCC | 394 | 100 |
Selenot | Selenoprotein T | NM_001103103.2 | F: TGGTCACCTTCCATCCATGC R: AAGAGGTACAACGAGCCTGC | 240 | 100 |
Selenov | Selenoprotein V | NM_001163244.2 | F: ACTCCATTGGCCACCGATTT R: AGGCCACAGTAAACCACTCG | 224 | 100 |
Selenow | Selenoprotein W | NM_001163225.1 | F: AGTGTTCGTAGCGGGAAAGC R: CGCGAGAACATCAGGGAAGG | 233 | 98 |
Selenophosphate synthetase | |||||
Sephs2 | Selenophosphate synthetase 2 | NM_001114732.2 | F: GATCCCTACATGATGGGGCG R: GTTTACCACCGTTTGCCCAC | 219 | 100 |
Selenoprotein P receptors | |||||
Lrp2 | LDL receptor related protein 2 | XM_024983502.1 | F: GTGGTTTGGGTTACCGTTGC R: GGCACCCTGTTAGCTGTGAT | 304 | 99 |
Lrp8 | LDL receptor related protein 8 | NM_001097565.1 | F: AGCCACCCTTTTGGGATAGC R: AAGGCACAGGTACTCACAGC | 231 | 100 |
Tfrc | Transferrin receptor | NM_001206577.1 | F: CCAGGTTTAGTCTGGCTCGG R: GGTCTGCCCAGAATATGCGA | 339 | 99 |
Gene | Gene Name | Accession Number 1 | Primer Design (5′ to 3′) Direction | Amplicon Length (bp) | Product Identity (%) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ifit2 | Interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 | XM_002698356.5 | F: CAGATGTGATTCGAGGGGCA R: CATGGAGGCAGGCGAGATAG | 282 | 100 |
Ifit3 * | Interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 | NM_001075414.1 | F: ATTCTGAAGCAGGCCGTTGA R: TCCAGTGCCCTTAGCAACAG | 224 | 100 |
Irf1 * | Interferon regulatory factor 1 | NM_001191261.2 | F: ACAGCCCCGATACCTTCTCT R: CTTCCCATCCACGCTTGTCT | 338 | 100 |
Irf9 | Interferon regulatory factor 9 | NM_001024506.1 | F: GCGCTGTGCTCTCAACAAAA R: AAGTCTAAACGGCCAGCTCC | 285 | 100 |
Isg15 * | ISG15 ubiquitin like modifier | NM_174366.1 | F: CCATCCTGGTGAGGAACGAC R: GAACACGGTGCACCCCTTCA | 200 | 99 |
Isg20 | Interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20 | XM_002696514.5 | F: CTTGTGGACTACCACGGCTC R: GATGGCGTAGTCGCTCATGT | 234 | 98 |
Oas2 * | 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 | NM_001024557.1 | F: ACTGGTTTCAAAAGTGCCAGG R: CAGCCAGCAGGTGTTATCCA | 314 | 98 |
Rsad2 * | Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 | NM_001045941.1 | F: GTGGTTCCAGAAGTACGGTGA R: AACCGTTCCGCTTCTCTCAG | 315 | 100 |
Scara5 | Scavenger receptor class A member 5 | NM_001102499.1 | F: AGGACCTACGCCTCAAGGAT R: GGGCCTCGATCACCTTTGAA | 256 | 100 |
Scarb1 | Scavenger receptor class B member 1 | NM_174597.2 | F: GCAGACATGGGCAACCTCT R: GCCTTGGATGATCCCCTCAG | 249 | 100 |
Timp2 ⱡ | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2 | NM_174472.4 | F: GGGTCTCGCTGGACATTG R: TTGATGTTCTTCTCCGTGACC | 256 | 100 |
Timp3 | Bos taurus TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 (TIMP3), mRNA | NM_174473.4 | F: GGATTCACCAAGATGCCCCA R: GCAGTTACAGCCCAGGTGAT | 222 | 99 |
Trim56 | Tripartite motif containing 56 | NM_001206574.1 | F: TTCAGACCCCAAATCAGGAC R: TCTGGGCTCTGCTCTCTTTC | 126 | 99 |
Housekeeping Transcripts | |||||
Gapdh | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase | NM_001034034.2 | F: ACATCAAGTGGGGTGATGCT R: GGCATTGCTGACAATCTTGA | 200 | 99 |
Hprt1 | Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 | NM_001034035.2 | F: GCCAGCCGGCTACGTTAT R: ATCCAACAGGTCGGCAAAGA | 256 | 100 |
Rps11 | Ribosomal protein S11 | NM_001024568.2 | F: AAGATGGCGGACATTCAGAC R: GCCCTCGAATGGAGACATTA | 214 | 99 |
Sdha | Succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A | NM_174178.2 | F: GCAGAACCTGATGCTTTGTG R: CGTAGGAGAGCGTGTGCTT | 185 | 99 |
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Gene 2 | Gene Name | qPCR 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISe | MIX | SEM | p-Value 4 | ||
Iodothyronine deiodinases | |||||
Dio1 | Iodothyronine deiodinase 1 | Unable to be detected | |||
Dio2 | Iodothyronine deiodinase 2 | 1.15 | 0.53 | 0.25 | <0.05 |
Dio3 | Iodothyronine deiodinase 3 | 1.03 | 0.73 | 0.10 | <0.05 |
Glutathione peroxidases | |||||
Gpx1 | Glutathione peroxidase 1 | 1.01 | 0.90 | 0.09 | 0.40 |
Gpx2 | Glutathione peroxidase 2 | 1.41 | 0.91 | 0.36 | 0.68 |
Gpx3 | Glutathione peroxidase 3 | 1.14 | 1.26 | 0.16 | 0.66 |
Gpx4 | Glutathione peroxidase 4 | 1.05 | 1.15 | 0.14 | 0.66 |
Gpx6 | Glutathione peroxidase 6 | 1.11 | 0.96 | 0.24 | 0.67 |
Thioredoxin reductases | |||||
Txnrd1 | Thioredoxin reductase 1 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 0.15 | 0.69 |
Txnrd2 | Thioredoxin reductase 2 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 0.75 |
Txnrd3 | Thioredoxin reductase 3 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.09 | 0.58 |
Other selenoproteins | |||||
Selenof | Selenoprotein F | 1.05 | 1.15 | 0.15 | 0.66 |
Selenoh | Selenoprotein H | 1.06 | 0.79 | 0.12 | 0.18 |
Selenoi | Selenoprotein I | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.07 | 0.97 |
Selenok | Selenoprotein K | 1.03 | 1.12 | 0.12 | 0.61 |
Selenom | Selenoprotein M | 6.59 | 5.36 | 2.90 | 0.77 |
Selenon | Selenoprotein N | 1.01 | 0.96 | 0.07 | 0.56 |
Selenoo | Selenoprotein O | 1.05 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 0.63 |
Selenop | Selenoprotein P | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 0.71 |
Selenor | Selenoprotein R | 1.11 | 1.11 | 0.18 | 0.68 |
Selenos | Selenoprotein S | 1.07 | 1.11 | 0.14 | 0.85 |
Selenot | Selenoprotein T | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.06 | 0.84 |
Selenov | Selenoprotein V | 1.10 | 1.14 | 0.21 | 0.90 |
Selenow | Selenoprotein W | 1.02 | 0.93 | 0.09 | 0.47 |
Selenophosphate synthetase | |||||
Sephs2 | Selenophosphate synthetase 2 | 1.02 | 1.15 | 0.08 | 0.25 |
Selenoprotein P receptors | |||||
Lrp2 | LDL receptor related protein 2 | 1.02 | 0.78 | 0.11 | 0.17 |
Lrp8 | LDL receptor related protein 8 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 0.11 | 0.26 |
Tfrc | Transferrin receptor | 1.10 | 0.93 | 0.17 | 0.62 |
Gene ID | Gene Description | Fold Change | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Upregulated in MIX | |||
CCDC152 | Coiled-coil domain containing 152 | 4.03 | 0.0111 |
CD79B | CD79b molecule | 3.75 | 0.0329 |
TM4SF5 | Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 | 3.39 | 0.0366 |
C22orf31 | Chromosome 22 open reading frame 31 | 3.38 | 0.0152 |
SLC17A7 | Solute carrier family 17 member 7 | 3.34 | 0.0338 |
CCL21 | C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 | 2.93 | 0.0359 |
FAM180B | Family with sequence similarity 180 member B | 2.88 | 0.0103 |
COL17A1 | Collagen type XVII alpha 1 chain | 2.35 | 0.0019 |
CCR9 | C–C motif chemokine receptor 9 | 2.34 | 0.0184 |
OMG | Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein | 2.33 | 0.0429 |
Downregulated in MIX | |||
DPYSL4 | Dihydropyrimidinase-like 4 | −4.07 | 0.0108 |
KLK5 | Kallikrein-related peptidase 5 | −4.03 | 0.0004 |
GRM3 | Glutamate metabotropic receptor 3 | −3.70 | 0.0004 |
NIPAL4 | NIPA-like domain containing 4 | −3.59 | 0.0020 |
NALCN | Sodium leak channel, nonselective | −3.26 | 0.0134 |
PTGER1 | Prostaglandin E receptor 1 | −3.16 | 0.0178 |
COL28A1 | Collagen type XXVIII alpha 1 chain | −3.12 | 0.0105 |
SLC26A8 | Solute carrier family 26 member 8 | −3.12 | 0.0026 |
SLC34A3 | Solute carrier family 34 member 3 | −3.11 | 0.0237 |
DMKN | Dermokine | −2.93 | <0.0001 |
Canonical Pathway 2 | Gene Symbols | Ratio 3 | Z-Score | p-Value 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATM Signaling | Up: ATR, CBX1, CBX3, CBX5, CCNB2, CDK2, HP1BP3, MDC1, PPP2R1B, RAD50, RAD51, RBBP8, RNF8, SMC2, SMC3, SMC1A, ZNF420 Down: BID, BRAT1, MAPK12, MAPK13, PPM1L, PPP2R1A, TP73, TRRAP | 0.25 (25/100) | 0.471 | <0.0001 |
Spliceosomal Cycle | UP: BCAS2, CDC5L, CTNNBL1, CWC15, DDX23, DHX38, ISY1-RAB43, MAGOHB, RBM8A, SLU7, SNRNP200, ZNF830 Down: PRPF19, SF3B3 | 0.29 (14/49) | 2.673 | <0.0001 |
Role of PKR in Interferon Induction and Antiviral Response | Up: APAF1, DNAJC3, HMGB1, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1, HSPA4, METAP2, MSR1, REL Down: ATF3, BID, FADD, FOS, HSPA6, IRF1, IRF9, MAPK12, MAPK13, PDGFRB, PYCARD, RELA, STAT2, STAT3, TARBP2, TNFRSF1A | 0.19 (26/136) | −3.128 | <0.0001 |
CLEAR Signaling Pathway | Up: ATP6V1C1, ATP6V1E1, BECN1, BMPR1B, HPS5, ITPR2, MAP4K3, NRBF2, PPP2R1B, RRAGB, VPS26A, YWHAE Down: ATP6V0A1, ATP6V0D1, BLOC1S3, BMP6, CRTC2, CTNS, CTSA, FLT1, GBA1, GLB1, KCNIP3, MAPK7, MAPK12, MAPK13, MLST8, PDGFRB, PML, PPM1L, PPP2R1A, PRKAG1, PRKCB, RAB7A, RPTOR, SEC13, SESN2, TCIRG1, TGFA, TGFBR3, TNFRSF1A, TRPM1, TSC2 | 0.15 (43/285) | −0.762 | <0.0001 |
Autophagy | Up: ATG3, ATG10, ATR, BECN1, CALM1, CDKN1B, GNAI3, NRBF2, PIK3C2A, PPP2R1B, RB1CC1, SESN1, STX17, VPS41 Down: ATG2A, BMP6, FOS, IRS1, IRS2, MAPK12, MLST8, PI4K2A, PPM1L, PPP2R1A, PRKAG1, RAB7A, RAB7B, RIPK1, RPTOR, SLC7A5, TGFA, TNFRSF1A, TSC2, ULK1, WIPI2 | 0.16 35/216 | 0.845 | <0.0001 |
Molecular and Cellular Functions 2 | Z-Score 3 | p-Value 4 |
---|---|---|
Cell death and survival (732 molecules) | ||
Necrosis | −1.392 | <0.0001 |
Apoptosis | −2.252 | <0.0001 |
Cell death of tumor cell lines | −1.757 | <0.0001 |
Cell survival | 1.029 | <0.0001 |
Apoptosis of tumor cell lines | −1.425 | <0.0001 |
Cell viability | 1.112 | <0.0001 |
Cell viability of tumor cell lines | 1.278 | <0.0001 |
Necrosis of epithelial tissue | −1.682 | <0.0001 |
Cell death of osteosarcoma cells | −1.671 | <0.0001 |
Cell death of bone cancer cell lines | −0.434 | <0.0001 |
Cell death of blood cells | −1.469 | <0.0001 |
Cell death of sarcoma cell lines | −0.943 | <0.0001 |
Colony survival of tumor cell lines | 1.183 | <0.0001 |
Necrosis of tumor | −1.881 | <0.0001 |
Cell death of breast cancer cell lines | −2.267 | <0.0001 |
Apoptosis of peritoneal macrophages | −0.574 | <0.0001 |
Cellular response to therapeutics (149 molecules) | ||
Radiosensitivity of cells | −1.38 | <0.0001 |
Gene expression (462 molecules) | ||
Expression of RNA | −3.621 | <0.0001 |
Transcription of RNA | −2.971 | <0.0001 |
Transcription | −2.877 | <0.0001 |
Transcription of DNA | −2.485 | <0.0001 |
Activation of DNA endogenous promoter | −2.373 | <0.0001 |
Transactivation | 1.115 | <0.0001 |
Transactivation of RNA | 0.804 | <0.0001 |
Repression of RNA | 0.646 | <0.0001 |
RNA post-translational modification (92 molecules) | ||
Processing of RNA | −1.066 | <0.0001 |
Processing of mRNA | −1.635 | <0.0001 |
Splicing of RNA | −1.339 | <0.0001 |
Splicing of mRNA | −1.682 | <0.0001 |
Cellular assembly and organization (505 molecules) | ||
Development of cytoplasm | −1.738 | <0.0001 |
Cohesion of sister chromatids | 0.854 | <0.0001 |
Formation of centriole | 0.921 | <0.0001 |
Remodeling of chromatin | 0.900 | <0.0001 |
Formation of cellular protrusions | −0.647 | <0.0001 |
Replication of centriole | 0.921 | <0.0001 |
RNA-Seq 3 | qPCR 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene 2 | Gene Name | ISe | MIX | p-Value | ISe | MIX | SEM | p-Value 4 |
Ido1 | Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 | 1.00 | 0.68 | 0.02 | Not corroborated | |||
Ifit1 | Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.04 | Not corroborated | |||
Ifit2 | Interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 | 1.00 | 0.71 | 0.01 | 1.11 | 0.54 | 0.17 | 0.04 |
Ifit3 * | Interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.02 | 1.08 | 0.65 | 0.13 | 0.04 |
Irf1 * | Interferon regulatory factor 1 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.02 | 1.05 | 0.75 | 0.11 | 0.08 |
Irf9 | Interferon regulatory factor 9 | 1.00 | 0.83 | <0.01 | 1.01 | 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.47 |
Isg15 * | ISG15 ubiquitin like modifier | 1.00 | 0.78 | <0.01 | 1.04 | 0.76 | 0.09 | 0.05 |
Isg20 | Interferon stimulated exonuclease, transcript variant 1 | 1.00 | 0.74 | <0.01 | 1.06 | 0.76 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
Oas2 * | 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.67 | 0.10 | 0.01 |
Rsad1 | Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 1 | 1.00 | 0.83 | <0.01 | Not corroborated | |||
Rsad2 * | Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 | 1.00 | 0.75 | <0.01 | 1.05 | 0.57 | 0.14 | 0.01 |
Scara5 | Scavenger receptor class A member 5 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 1.04 | 0.71 | 0.09 | 0.02 |
Scarb1 | Scavenger receptor class B member 1 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.01 | 1.04 | 0.81 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
Stat1 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.16 | Not corroborated | |||
Stat2 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.02 | Not corroborated | |||
Tgfb1 | Transforming growth factor beta 1 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.06 | Not corroborated | |||
Timp2 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.26 | 1.02 | 0.93 | 0.08 | 0.48 |
Timp3 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 | 1.00 | 0.83 | <0.01 | 1.02 | 0.79 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
Trim56 | Tripartite motif containing 56 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.02 | 1.04 | 0.55 | 0.09 | <0.01 |
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Carr, S.N.; Crites, B.R.; Shinde, H.; Bridges, P.J. Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Form of Selenium on the Interferon-Tau Signaling Mechanism in the Caruncular Tissue of Beef Heifers at Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417327
Carr SN, Crites BR, Shinde H, Bridges PJ. Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Form of Selenium on the Interferon-Tau Signaling Mechanism in the Caruncular Tissue of Beef Heifers at Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(24):17327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417327
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarr, Sarah N., Benjamin R. Crites, Harshraj Shinde, and Phillip J. Bridges. 2023. "Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Form of Selenium on the Interferon-Tau Signaling Mechanism in the Caruncular Tissue of Beef Heifers at Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24: 17327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417327