Response of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) to Multi-Contaminated Soil from Historic Mining and Smelting Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cd, Pb and Zn Content in Carrots
2.2. Malondialdehyde and Carotenoid Content and Biomass Production in Carrots
2.3. Change in Gas-Exchange Parameters, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthetic Pigments
2.4. Change in Free Amino Acid Content
2.5. Morphological and Anatomical Conditions of Carrot Roots and Changes in Enzyme Activities in the Root Zone
3. Discussion
3.1. Accumulation and Translocation of Cd, Pb and Zn in Carrots
3.2. Response of Malondialdehyde and Carotenoids to Cd, Pb and Zn and Biomass Production of Carrot
3.3. Response of Gas-Exchange Parameters and Photosynthetic Pigments to Cd, Pb and Zn
3.4. Response of Free Amino Acids to Cd, Pb and Zn
3.5. Morphological and Anatomical Conditions of Roots and Changes in Enzyme Activities under Cd, Pb and Zn Stress
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Soil Sampling and Characterisation
4.2. Experimental Design and Plant Material
4.3. Determination of Toxic Elements
4.4. Determination of Malondialdehyde Content
4.5. Determination of Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Content
4.6. Determination of Gas-Exchange Parameters and Chlorophyll Fluorescence
4.7. Determination of Free Amino Acids
4.8. Evaluation of Morphology and Anatomy of Carrot Roots
4.9. Determination of Soil Enzyme Activity
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Roots | Periderm | Leaves | TF | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Multi | Control | Multi | Control | Multi | Control | Multi | |
Cd (mg/kg DW) | 0.2 ± 0.01 aA | 4.8 ± 0.5 bA | 0.2 ± 0.04 aAB | 8.4 ± 0.1 bB | 0.3 ± 0.1 aB | 13.8 ± 1.1 bC | 1.5 | 2.9 |
Pb (mg/kg DW) | <2.0 | 68.8 ± 1.6 C | <2.0 | 16.3 ± 1.0 A | <2.0 | 28.0 ± 1.5 B | - | 0.4 |
Zn (mg/kg DW) | 10.3 ± 0.5 aA | 25.1 ± 1.0 bA | 17.2 ± 0.6 aB | 24.4 ± 0.6 bA | 16.9 ± 1.4 aB | 64.1 ± 2.3 bB | 1.6 | 2.6 |
Control | Multi | |
---|---|---|
Ci (µmol CO2/mol) | 309.3 ± 4.8 a | 328.8 ± 1.9 b |
E (mmol H2O/m2/s) | 2.9 ± 0.04 a | 2.9 ± 0.02 a |
gs (mol H2O/m2/s) | 0.4 ± 0.03 b | 0.3 ± 0.01 a |
PN (µmol CO2/m2/s) | 12.5 ± 0.2 b | 11.1 ± 0.2 a |
Fv/Fm (-) | 0.8 ± 0.01 b | 0.7 ± 0.01 a |
Chl a (mg/kg DW) | 1.8 ± 0.03 b | 1.6 ± 0.06 a |
Chl b (mg/kg DW) | 0.9 ± 0.04 a | 1.1 ± 0.02 b |
Control | Multi | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ʃ AAs (μmol/kg FW) | roots | 30,600.6 ± 6996.8 a | 23,251.9 ± 2097.9 a |
leaves | 9871.7 ± 275.5 a | 10,327.5 ± 720.2 a | |
transport AAs (μmol/kg FW) | roots | 25,547.1 ± 6293.9 a | 19,305.3 ± 1411.6 a |
leaves | 7136.1 ± 252.8 b | 5661.5 ± 491.2 a | |
PRO (μmol/kg FW) | roots | 832.8 ± 61.7 b | 449.8 ± 235.6 a |
leaves | 82.5 ± 0.8 a | 161.3 ± 17.9 b | |
ORN (μmol/kg FW) | roots | 57.1 ± 8.6 a | 62.8 ± 7.9 a |
leaves | 56.9 ± 0.2 a | 71.4 ± 1.1 b | |
GLY (μmol/kg FW) | roots | 86.8 ± 4.5 a | 83.9 ± 6.6 a |
leaves | 161.7 ± 0.9 a | 182.0 ± 15.7 a | |
MET (μmol/kg FW) | roots | 71.7 ± 8.9 a | 77.7 ± 3.6 a |
leaves | 49.0 ± 0.3 a | 64.1 ± 0.2 b | |
HYP (μmol/kg FW) | roots | nd | nd |
leaves | 25.5 ± 1.8 a | 27.2 ± 3.5 a | |
SAR (μmol/kg FW) | roots | nd | nd |
leaves | nd | 73.7 ± 0.4 |
Parameters | Control | Multi |
---|---|---|
Soil type and subtype | Chernozem Haplic | Cambisol Haplic |
pHH2O | 7.5 | 6.0 |
Cation-Exchange Capacity (mmol(+)/kg) | 230.1 ± 5.0 | 165.8 ± 15.1 |
Total Carbon (%) | 2.0 ± 0.08 | 2.4 ± 0.04 |
Cdpseudo-total/Cdwater-soluble (mg/kg) | 0.4 ± 0.01/<0.005 | 6.5 ± 1.1/0.01 ± 0.002 |
Pbpseudo-total/Pbwater-soluble (mg/kg) | 36.6 ± 1.6/<0.1 | 1560.2 ± 167.1/0.4 ± 0.09 |
Znpseudo-total/Znwater-soluble (mg/kg) | 93.1 ± 1.5/0.03 ± 0.01 | 243.4 ± 8.2/0.1 ± 0.03 |
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Novák, M.; Zemanová, V.; Lhotská, M.; Pavlík, M.; Klement, A.; Hnilička, F.; Pavlíková, D. Response of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) to Multi-Contaminated Soil from Historic Mining and Smelting Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417345
Novák M, Zemanová V, Lhotská M, Pavlík M, Klement A, Hnilička F, Pavlíková D. Response of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) to Multi-Contaminated Soil from Historic Mining and Smelting Activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(24):17345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417345
Chicago/Turabian StyleNovák, Milan, Veronika Zemanová, Marie Lhotská, Milan Pavlík, Aleš Klement, František Hnilička, and Daniela Pavlíková. 2023. "Response of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) to Multi-Contaminated Soil from Historic Mining and Smelting Activities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24: 17345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417345