Investigation of the Key Genes Associated with Anthocyanin Accumulation during Inner Leaf Reddening in Ornamental Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Anthocyanin Levels in the New Leaves of Red-Leaf Kale at Three Developmental Stages
2.2. Anthocyanin Metabolite Analysis
2.3. Library Construction and DEG Analysis
2.4. Trend Analysis
2.5. qRT-PCR to Determine Gene Expression Patterns
2.6. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes at S0–S2
2.7. Identification of Differentially Co-Expressed Genes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Measurement of Anthocyanin Content
4.3. Anthocyanins Extraction and Multiple Reaction Monitoring
4.4. Identification of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes in Brassica Oleracea
4.5. RNA Extraction and Library Construction
4.6. Read Mapping onto the Reference Genome
4.7. Differential Expression Analysis
4.8. Trend Analysis and Correlation Analysis
4.9. qRT-PCR
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Class | Content (μg·g−1) |
---|---|---|
Cyanidin-3-(6″-caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucoside | Cyanidin | 3.889 ± 0.304 |
Cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside | Cyanidin | 0.436 ± 0.077 |
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | Cyanidin | 64.825 ± 4.807 |
Cyanidin-3-O-5-O-(6-O-coumaroyl)-diglucoside | Cyanidin | 36.004 ± 2.653 |
Cyanidin-3,5,3-O-triglucoside | Cyanidin | 5.515 ± 0.258 |
Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside | Cyanidin | 10.300 ± 0.954 |
Delphinidin-3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside) | Delphinidin | 0.062 ± 0.006 |
Delphinidin-3-O-galactoside | Delphinidin | 1.360 ± 0.208 |
Delphinidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | Delphinidin | 0.017 ± 0.005 |
Delphinidin-3-O-sophoroside | Delphinidin | 0.964 ± 0.073 |
Delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside | Delphinidin | 0.015 ± 0.0005 |
Delphinidin-3-O-rhamnoside | Delphinidin | 0.138 ± 0.142 |
Delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside | Delphinidin | 2.365 ± 0.223 |
Malvidin-3-O-glucoside | Malvidin | 0.030 ± 0.003 |
Pelargonidin-3-(6″-caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucoside | Pelargonidin | 0.008 ± 0.002 |
Pelargonidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside | Pelargonidin | 1.577 ± 0.258 |
Peonidin-3-(caffeoyl-glucosyl-glucoside)-5-glucoside | Peonidin | 0.010 ± 0.003 |
Peonidin-3-O-(6″-ferulylsophoroside)-5-glucoside | Peonidin | 0.003 ± 0.001 |
Peonidin-3-O-glucoside | Peonidin | 0.131 ± 0.019 |
Peonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside | Peonidin | 0.536 ± 0.042 |
Peonidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside | Peonidin | 1.105 ± 0.224 |
Petunidin-3-O-sophoroside | Petunidin | 0.877 ± 0.133 |
Petunidin-3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside) | Petunidin | 0.277 ± 0.061 |
Gene | Annotation | S1 vs. S0 | S2 vs. S1 | S2 vs. S0 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bo5g052100 | C4H | up | up | up * |
Bo3g024650 | C4H | down | down | down * |
Bo6g099190 | 4CL3 | up * | up * | up * |
Bo3g077430 | 4CL | up | up * | up * |
Bo9g166290 | CHS | up | up * | up |
Bo9g177250 | CHI | up * | up * | up * |
Bo8g081770 | F3H | up * | up * | up * |
Bo7g100840 | F3H | up | down | up * |
Bo9g174880 | F3′H | - | up | up * |
Bo9g058630 | DFR | up | up | up * |
Bo2g116380 | DFR | up * | up | up * |
Bo3g042330 | SAT | up * | up | up * |
Bo4g141980 | GL3 | down | down | down * |
Bo4g141990 | GL3 | down | down | down * |
Bo9g035460 | EGL3 | down | down | down * |
Bo9g171430 | HY5 | up | up | up * |
Bo2g070770 | MYBL2 | up * | up | up * |
Bo4g015800 | SLP9 | down | down | down * |
Bo9g161480 | TT19 | up * | up | up |
Bo6g119200 | PR5 | down | down * | down * |
Bo2g056370 | CCOAMT | up | up * | up * |
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Zou, J.; Gong, Z.; Liu, Z.; Ren, J.; Feng, H. Investigation of the Key Genes Associated with Anthocyanin Accumulation during Inner Leaf Reddening in Ornamental Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032837
Zou J, Gong Z, Liu Z, Ren J, Feng H. Investigation of the Key Genes Associated with Anthocyanin Accumulation during Inner Leaf Reddening in Ornamental Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032837
Chicago/Turabian StyleZou, Jiaqi, Zhichao Gong, Zhiyong Liu, Jie Ren, and Hui Feng. 2023. "Investigation of the Key Genes Associated with Anthocyanin Accumulation during Inner Leaf Reddening in Ornamental Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032837