Photoremoval of Bisphenol A Using Hierarchical Zeolites and Diatom Biosilica
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- electrons in the conduction band initially coming from the valence band (eCB- electron in the conduction band). They act as very good reductants, e.g., reducing molecular oxygen to an anion radical O2.-. On continuing the reaction, it is possible to obtain hydroxyl radicals having one of the highest oxidation potentials;
- hole in the valence band (hVB+), formed when the electrons pair of eCB- disconnects and gain a positive charge. In the reaction, holes act as an oxidant, interacting with organic compounds undergoing degradation, leading to the final yield of mineralized products including CO2 and H2O. The oxidation process can also occur through the reactions with water, resulting in the formation of an electrophilic hydroxyl radical, which is involved in the oxidation of organic pollutants [13,15].
2. Results
2.1. Characteristics of Materials
2.2. Photocatalytic Removal of Bisphenol A
2.2.1. Effect of Temperature and pH on the Photocatalytic Removal of Bisphenol A for Ruthenium Ion-Modified Diatom Biosilica
2.2.2. Qualitative Analysis of Bisphenol A removal Products by ESI/HPLC-MS Method
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Synthesis of Hierarchical Zeolites Based on FAU-Type Commercial Zeolite Modified with Silver Ions
3.1.1. STAGE I
3.1.2. STAGE II
3.2. Synthesis of Hierarchical Zeolites Based on FAU-Type Commercial Zeolite Modified with Ruthenium Ions
3.3. Synthesis of Biosilica Modified with Silver Ions or Ruthenium Ions
3.4. Labelling of the Materials Studied
Zeolite FAU_CTABr_3%AgNO3 | Hierarchical zeolite based on FAU-type commercial zeolite modified with 3 wt. % AgNO3 silver nitrate solution |
Zeolite FAU_CTABr_Ru | Hierarchical zeolite based on FAU-type commercial zeolite modified with ruthenium |
Ag Bio | Biosilica modified with silver ions |
Ru Bio | Biosilica modified with ruthenium ions |
3.5. Characterization of the Materials
3.6. Photoremoval of Bisphenol A
3.7. Blank Tests and Leaching Tests
3.8. Analysis of Bisphenol A Removal Products Using ESI/HPLC-MS
4. Conclusions
- the efficiency of bisphenol A removal was significantly influenced by the modification of the obtained photocatalysts with ruthenium or silver ions, for the materials modified with ruthenium ions, an increase in bisphenol A removal was noted,
- the degree of bisphenol A removal was dependent on the electromagnetic wavelength used, it was the highest at the wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and cyan light,
- the optimal temperature favorably affecting the removal of bisphenol A is 25 °C. As for the effect of pH values on the photocatalytic removal process, the best results were recorded for the samples whose pH values were 7 and 11,
- the best photocatalyst is ruthenium ion-modified biosilica, in whose presence up to 99% removal of bisphenol A was achieved, the highest degree of bisphenol A d removal was obtained at electromagnetic wavelengths ranging from 450 nm to 525 nm;
- the products of photocatalytic removal of bisphenol A are: 4-hydroxy acetophenone, 4-isopropyl phenol, and monohydroxylated bisphenol A.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Specific Surface Area [m2/g] | Pore Volume [cm3/g] | Average Pore Diameter [nm] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Microporous volume | |||
Hierarchical zeolites | ||||
Commercial zeolite—FAU | 718 | 0.37 | 0.34 | - |
Zeolite FAU_CTABr_3%AgNO3 | 746 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 5.84 |
Zeolite FAU_CTABr_Ru | 776 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 2.46 |
Biosilica | ||||
Biosilica | 30 | 0.43 | - | 3.93 |
Ag Bio | 104 | 0.25 | - | 2.97 |
Ru Bio | 39 | 0.27 | - | 4.40 |
Light Color | Wavelength [nm] | Degree of Bisphenol A Removal [%] |
---|---|---|
Zeolite FAU_CTABr_3%AgNO3 | ||
Green | 525 | 7.3 |
Blue | 450 | 9.4 |
UV | 395–405 | 8.3 |
Yellow | 595 | 8.2 |
Cyan | 500 | 16.1 |
Red | 620–630 | 8.1 |
Green + Blue + Cyan | 450–525 | 20.1 |
Zeolite FAU_CTABr_Ru | ||
Green | 525 | 0.2 |
Blue | 450 | 1.6 |
UV | 395–405 | 2.2 |
Yellow | 595 | 6.0 |
Cyan | 500 | 35.7 |
Red | 620–630 | 0.0 |
Green + Blue + Cyan | 450–525 | 1.5 |
Ag Bio | ||
Green | 525 | 28.7 |
Blue | 450 | 8.3 |
UV | 395–405 | 24.8 |
Yellow | 595 | 37.2 |
Cyan | 500 | 11.9 |
Red | 620–630 | 31.6 |
Green + Blue + Cyan | 450–525 | 15.1 |
Ru Bio | ||
Green | 525 | 70.5 |
Blue | 450 | 99.6 |
UV | 395–405 | 41.5 |
Yellow | 595 | 43.0 |
Cyan | 500 | 62.4 |
Red | 620–630 | 34.1 |
Green + Blue + Cyan | 450–525 | 68.1 |
Light Color | Wavelength [nm] |
UV | 395–405 |
Blue | 450 |
Cyan | 500 |
Green | 525 |
Yellow | 595 |
Red | 620–630 |
Green + Blue + Cyan | 450–525 |
Time [min] | A [%] | B [%] |
---|---|---|
0 | 90 | 10 |
1 | 90 | 10 |
30 | 30 | 70 |
32 | 30 | 70 |
34 | 90 | 10 |
39 | 90 | 10 |
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Chudzińska, J.; Woźniak, B.; Sprynskyy, M.; Nowak, I.; Feliczak-Guzik, A. Photoremoval of Bisphenol A Using Hierarchical Zeolites and Diatom Biosilica. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032878
Chudzińska J, Woźniak B, Sprynskyy M, Nowak I, Feliczak-Guzik A. Photoremoval of Bisphenol A Using Hierarchical Zeolites and Diatom Biosilica. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):2878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032878
Chicago/Turabian StyleChudzińska, Jagoda, Bartosz Woźniak, Myroslav Sprynskyy, Izabela Nowak, and Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik. 2023. "Photoremoval of Bisphenol A Using Hierarchical Zeolites and Diatom Biosilica" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 2878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032878