Long-Term Ingestion of Sicilian Black Bee Chestnut Honey and/or D-Limonene Counteracts Brain Damage Induced by High Fat-Diet in Obese Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Body Weight, Glycaemia and Serum Lipids
2.2. Neurodegeneration: TUNEL Assay
2.3. Pro-Apoptosis and Anti-Apoptosis Genes Expression
2.4. Brain Pro-Inflammatory Gene and Protein Expression
2.5. Brain Oxidative Stress
2.6. Expression of Genes Involved in AD
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Diets
4.2. Biochemical Analyses
4.3. Apoptosis Investigation
4.4. Reactive Oxygen Species Analysis
4.5. Determination of Nitric Oxide (NO) Levels
4.6. Molecular Analyses
4.7. RT2 Profiler PCR Array
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Protein | HFD/Lean | HFD-H/HFD | HFD-L/HFD | HFD-H + L/HFD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ache | Acetylcholinesterase | 2.10 | −30.84 | −12.01 | −16.31 |
Apba3 | Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 3 | 44.94 | −59.17 | −30.02 | −29.88 |
Apbb2 | Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family B, member 2 | 2.60 | −18.46 | −10.71 | −17.39 |
Aplp1 | Amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 1 | 5.17 | −8.79 | −8.53 | −5.00 |
Aplp2 | Amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2 | 15.97 | −45.55 | −15.49 | −17.72 |
Apoe | Apolipoprotein E | 5.16 | −26.20 | −9.36 | −9.77 |
App | Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein | 6.05 | −15.85 | −9.94 | −10.12 |
Bdnf | Brain derived neurotrophic factor | −17.99 | −5.49 | −3.44 | −2.67 |
Cdk5 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 | 2.92 | −36.93 | −17.68 | −13.99 |
Clu | Clusterin | 26.50 | −4.04 | −3.76 | −2.19 |
Ctsl | Cathepsin L | 5.08 | −13.34 | −4.65 | −4.90 |
Gsk3a | Glycogen synthase kinase 3 α | 7.20 | −22.22 | −14.11 | −15.35 |
Hsd17b10 | Hydroxy steroid deydrogenase10 | 5.87 | −15.93 | −9.38 | −11.82 |
Il1a | Interleukin 1 α | 4.31 | −90.55 | −49.60 | −98.59 |
Mapt | Microtubule-associated protein tau | 44.58 | −23.78 | −9.87 | −8.28 |
Mpo | Myeloperoxidase | 14.87 | −33.10 | −14.25 | −28.87 |
Prkca | Protein kinase C, alpha | 6.17 | −16.16 | −15.98 | −10.33 |
Prkce | Protein kinase C, epsilon | 5.89 | −16.58 | −12.56 | −16.61 |
Psen1 | Presenilin 1 | 4.68 | −225.85 | −152.13 | −193.57 |
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Terzo, S.; Calvi, P.; Nuzzo, D.; Picone, P.; Allegra, M.; Mulè, F.; Amato, A. Long-Term Ingestion of Sicilian Black Bee Chestnut Honey and/or D-Limonene Counteracts Brain Damage Induced by High Fat-Diet in Obese Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3467. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043467
Terzo S, Calvi P, Nuzzo D, Picone P, Allegra M, Mulè F, Amato A. Long-Term Ingestion of Sicilian Black Bee Chestnut Honey and/or D-Limonene Counteracts Brain Damage Induced by High Fat-Diet in Obese Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4):3467. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043467
Chicago/Turabian StyleTerzo, Simona, Pasquale Calvi, Domenico Nuzzo, Pasquale Picone, Mario Allegra, Flavia Mulè, and Antonella Amato. 2023. "Long-Term Ingestion of Sicilian Black Bee Chestnut Honey and/or D-Limonene Counteracts Brain Damage Induced by High Fat-Diet in Obese Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4: 3467. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043467