Recent Advances and Progress on Melanin: From Source to Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classification and Origin of Melanin
2.1. Eumelanin
2.2. Pheomelanin
2.3. Neuromelanin
2.4. Allomelanin
2.5. Pyomelanin
2.6. Other Types of Melanin
3. Synthesis and Decomposition of Melanin in Nature
3.1. Synthesis of Melanin in Humans and Animals
3.2. Synthesis of Melanin in Plants
3.3. Synthesis of Melanin in Microorganisms
3.4. Decomposition of Melanin
4. Macromolecular Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Melanin
4.1. Macromolecular Structure of Melanin
4.2. Physicochemical Properties of Melanin
5. Biological Activity of Melanin
5.1. Activity of Free Radical Scavenging
5.2. Antimicrobial Activity
5.3. Activity of Radiation Resistance
5.4. Activity of Chelating Metal Ion
5.5. Activity of Tumor Inhibition
5.6. Immune Regulatory Activity
5.7. Photothermal Characteristics
5.8. Other Biological Activities
6. The Application of Melanin
6.1. Applications in Agriculture and Industry
6.2. The Application in the Food Industry
6.3. Biomedical Applications
6.4. Application in the Cosmetics Industry
7. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pigment | Monomer Precursors |
---|---|
Eumelanin | tyrosine,5,6-dihydroxyindoles |
Pheomelanin | cysteinyldopas, benzothiazines |
Neuromelanin | dopamine, catecholamines |
Allomelanin | 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, phenolic precursors |
Pyomelanin | homogentisic acid |
Heavy Metals | Langmuir Isotherm Model | Freundlich Isotherm Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qm (mg/g) | b (L/mg) | R2 | KF (mg/g) | 1/n | R2 | |
Hg | 82.37 | 0.57 | 0.99 | 26.21 | 0.49 | 0.97 |
Pb | 147.49 | 0.38 | 0.99 | 39.36 | 0.58 | 0.96 |
Cr | 126.90 | 0.30 | 0.99 | 28.93 | 0.59 | 0.97 |
Cu | 167.78 | 0.41 | 0.97 | 43.59 | 0.48 | 0.96 |
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Guo, L.; Li, W.; Gu, Z.; Wang, L.; Guo, L.; Ma, S.; Li, C.; Sun, J.; Han, B.; Chang, J. Recent Advances and Progress on Melanin: From Source to Application. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054360
Guo L, Li W, Gu Z, Wang L, Guo L, Ma S, Li C, Sun J, Han B, Chang J. Recent Advances and Progress on Melanin: From Source to Application. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):4360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054360
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Lili, Wenya Li, Zhiyang Gu, Litong Wang, Lan Guo, Saibo Ma, Cuiyao Li, Jishang Sun, Baoqin Han, and Jing Chang. 2023. "Recent Advances and Progress on Melanin: From Source to Application" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 4360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054360