Cationic Pullulan Derivatives Based Flocculants for Removal of Some Metal Oxides from Simulated Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Pullulan Derivatives Ionic Group Content
- FeO suspension
- b.
- TiO2 suspension
2.2. Initial Solution Concentration of the Pullulan Derivatives (cip) and FeO Dispersion (cFeO)
2.3. Suspension pH
2.4. FeO Particles in Suspensions Containing Salts, Kaolin, or TiO2 Particles
2.5. Effect of the Pullulan Derivative/FeO Flocs on the Reduction of the Fungicide Bordeaux Mixture Particles Content from Synthetic Wastewater
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials
Sample Code | P (mmol) | CDI (mmol) | DMAPA (mmol) | Molar Ratio MeI/UGU of DMAPAx-P | Degree of Substitution DS a | Amine Groups Content (meq. g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMAP0.2–P | 6.17 | 1.54 | 1.54 | 0.56/1 | 0.2 ± 0.029 | 1.09 ± 0.108 |
TMAP0.4–P | 3.70 | 3.73 | 1.47/1 | 0.4 ± 0.042 | 2.14 ± 0.065 | |
TMAP0.7–P | 6.17 | 6.19 | 2.07/1 | 0.7 ± 0.084 | 2.78 ± 0.125 |
3.2. Methods
4. Conclusions
- The residual metal oxides absorbance values changed with the addition of different doses of pullulan derivatives, irrespective of the particle′s dispersion medium composition.
- The doseop values decreased with increasing ionic group content from 1 mg L−1. (TMAP0.2–P) to 0.14 mg L−1 (TMAP0.7–P) in the case of the FeO particles and from 3 mg L−1 (TMAP0.2–P) to 1.4 mg L−1 (TMAP0.7–P) in the case of the TiO2 ones.
- For the FeO particles removal, higher doseop values were recorded for the initial polymer concentration, cip located either in the dilute regime (cip = 0.1 g L−1 − doseop= 0.5 mg L−1) or in the semidilute one (cip = 1 g L−1 − doseop = 0.6 mg L−1) than that recorded for cip close to c* (cip = 0.5 g L−1 − doseop = 0.3 mg L−1).
- A noticeable increase in the doseop (0.6 mg L−1) and optimum dose interval (0.14 mg L−1 and 0.8 mg L−1) was found for the higher pH value than that of the natural one and the high particle suspension concentration, cFeo= 0.6 g L−1, respectively.
- The zeta potential and the particle aggregate size measurement results pointed to the patch flocculation mechanism.
- The pullulan derivatives proved to be good flocculants for the mixture of FeO and TiO2 particles (w/w, 1/1) as well as for the FeO particles from suspensions containing mixtures of salts and kaolin particles.
- The FeO/TMAP0.7–P flocs exhibit good performance in the removal of the fungicide Bordeaux mixture particles from simulated wastewater (residual BM content of 0.049 g L−1) at the optimum amount of particles (50 g flocs/1000 mL BM suspension).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polymer | Mineral Oxides | Doseop | Removal Efficiency (%) | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PolyDADMAC | TiO2 | 1.25 mg polymer/g TiO2 | - | Suspension prepared in water | [15] |
Pluronic-type polymers | TiO2 | Over the entire polymer dose | 20 | Suspension prepared in water | [19] |
PEG | 240 mg L−1 | 56 | |||
Chitosan | TiO2 | - | - | No flocculation in the case of the suspension prepared in distilled, but only in the tap water | [18] |
Dextran derivatives | TiO2 | 1.2 ÷ 1.4 mg L−1 | 50 ÷ 60 | Suspension prepared in water | [17] |
Polycation | FeO | TiO2 |
---|---|---|
doseop (mg L−1) | ||
TMAP0.2–P | 1 | 3.0 |
TMAP0.4–P | 0.6 | - |
TMAP0.7–P | 0.14 | 1.4 |
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Ghimici, L.; Nafureanu, M.M.; Constantin, M. Cationic Pullulan Derivatives Based Flocculants for Removal of Some Metal Oxides from Simulated Wastewater. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054383
Ghimici L, Nafureanu MM, Constantin M. Cationic Pullulan Derivatives Based Flocculants for Removal of Some Metal Oxides from Simulated Wastewater. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):4383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054383
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhimici, Luminita, Maria Magdalena Nafureanu, and Marieta Constantin. 2023. "Cationic Pullulan Derivatives Based Flocculants for Removal of Some Metal Oxides from Simulated Wastewater" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 4383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054383