Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as Crucial Mediators of Cell-Cell Interaction in Asthma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extracellular Vesicles
- exosomes: 30–200 nm diameter; generated by inward budding of the membrane (endocytosis), subsequent formation of multivesicular bodies, and release by exocytosis; and characterized by tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, CD81, and CD82) and other surface markers derived from the multivesicular body.
- microvesicles: 100–1000 nm diameter; released by budding and shedding from the plasma membrane of activated cells. They share the same membrane components with the parent cell.
- apoptotic bodies: 1000–4000 nm diameter; released through blebbing of apoptotic cell membrane by cells undergoing apoptosis; and enriched in phosphatidylserine, annexin V.
3. Mechanistic Hints from Preclinical Studies
3.1. Epithelial Cells
3.2. Immune Cells
3.3. Other Non-Immune Cells
4. Extracellular Vesicles as Asthma Sensors in Humans
5. EV in Our Guests: How Microbiome Introduces Higher Levels of Complexity
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parental Cell | Evidences on EV Release and Function | References |
---|---|---|
Immune cells | ||
Eosinophils | Eosinophil-derived EVs in asthma promote epithelial apoptosis, muscle proliferation, and eosinophil chemotaxis. IFN-γ induced eosinophil EVs are increased in asthma. | [102,103,109] |
Mast cells | EVs released by FcεRI-engaged Mast Cells contain FcεRI/IgE/antigen complexes and amplify allergic responses by allowing antigen persistency. Mast cell-derived EVs, enriched in MHC class II, ICAM-1, and CD86, induce B and T cell proliferation. | [100,111] |
Alveolar macrophages | Macrophage-derived EVs inhibited the activation of STATs in epithelial cells through SOCS. Macrophages-derived EVs promote granulocyte migration. | [104,112] |
B lymphocytes | B-cells release EVs enriched in MHC class II molecule that induce antigen-specific T cell response. | [117] |
T lymphocytes | T cell-derived EVs favour mast cell activation carrying miR-4443. | [106,120] |
Neutrophils | EVs released by LPS-activated neutrophils enhance airway smooth muscle proliferation through immune-related proteins, including tenascin-X. | [105,123] |
Dendritic cells | EVs secreted by dendritic cells (DC) induce antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells and antigen-specific IgG production. EVs released by DC promote CD4+ T cell proliferation and Th2 differentiation through OX40L. | [108,114] |
Non immune cells | ||
Epithelial Cells | Pulmonary epithelial cells are the main source of EVs in normal lungs, further amplified by inflammatory stimuli. In Th2 setting epithelial-derived EVs, enriched in specific miRNAs, stimulate airway inflammation and remodeling. EV populations isolated from the apical side differ from the basolateral (in size and miRNA content). | [74,75,78,81,99] |
Fibroblasts | Fibroblasts-derived EVs from asthmatics expressing lower levels of TGF-β2 increase epithelial cell proliferation. | [124] |
Mesenchymal Cells | Adipose-derived EVs, which contain miR-301a-3p, limit smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration. Hypoxic umbilical cord mesenchymal cell-derived EVs, enriched in miR-146a-5p, attenuate allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in a chronic asthma model. | [128,129] |
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Tinè, M.; Padrin, Y.; Bonato, M.; Semenzato, U.; Bazzan, E.; Conti, M.; Saetta, M.; Turato, G.; Baraldo, S. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as Crucial Mediators of Cell-Cell Interaction in Asthma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054645
Tinè M, Padrin Y, Bonato M, Semenzato U, Bazzan E, Conti M, Saetta M, Turato G, Baraldo S. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as Crucial Mediators of Cell-Cell Interaction in Asthma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):4645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054645
Chicago/Turabian StyleTinè, Mariaenrica, Ylenia Padrin, Matteo Bonato, Umberto Semenzato, Erica Bazzan, Maria Conti, Marina Saetta, Graziella Turato, and Simonetta Baraldo. 2023. "Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as Crucial Mediators of Cell-Cell Interaction in Asthma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 4645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054645