Microparticles in the Development and Improvement of Pharmaceutical Formulations: An Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Polymeric Microparticles in Biological Tests
3.1. Anticancer Activity
3.1.1. In Vitro Anticancer Activity
3.1.2. In Vivo Anticancer Activity
3.2. Antiparasitic Activity
3.3. Antibacterial Activity
3.3.1. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity
3.3.2. In Vivo Antibacterial Activity
3.4. Antioxidant Activity
3.5. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.5.1. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.5.2. In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.6. Healing Activity
3.6.1. In Vitro Healing Activity
3.6.2. In Vivo Healing Activity
4. Current Market
4.1. DepoDur™
4.2. Afrezza™
4.3. Betaloc™ ZOK
4.4. Lupron Depot™
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen | Active Principle | Type of Study | Particle Size (µm) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933 (ATCC48935), Intrauterine pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella enterica CDC3041-1, and Klebsiella pneumoniae | Chitosan | In vitro and in vivo | 0.6 ± 0.076 | [54] |
E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus | Ciprofloxacin and chitosan | In vitro | 0.712 ± 122 0.720 ± 153 | [55] |
S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis | Selenium | In vitro | 0.592 ± 0.057 | [56] |
Streptococcus mutans | Chitosan | In vitro | 5.61 | [57] |
Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides pyogenes | Ceftiofur | In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo | - | [58] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Erwinia carotovora and E. coli | Chitosan | In vitro | 0.06 ± 5.48; 0.078 ± 6.77; 0.105 ± 8.58 | [59] |
Vibrio cholerae | Chitosan | In vitro | 0.6 ± 0.076 | [60] |
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, MDR Pseudomonas p41, MDR Pseudomonas p21, S. aureus ATCC 6538 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 | Copper oxide, Tetracycline and Chitosan | In vitro | 1 | [61] |
Salmonella enterica | Chitosan | In vitro | - | [62] |
Product | Active Principle | Matrix | Advantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
DepoDur™ | Morphine | Cholesterol, DOPC, DPPG, tricaprylin, triolein | Need for lower dose to obtain the therapeutic effect; less adverse effects. | [94,95] |
Afrezza™ | Insulin | Fumaryl diketopiperazine | Noninvasive administration; better blood glucose control. | [99,101] |
Betaloc™ ZOK | Metoprolol succinate | Hydroxypropyl cellulose | Less adverse effects; maintenance of drug plasma concentration for longer time. | [102,103] |
Lupron Depot™ | Leuprolide acetate | PLGA | Need for lower dose to obtain the therapeutic effect; prolonged release. | [104,105] |
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da Silva, R.Y.P.; de Menezes, D.L.B.; Oliveira, V.d.S.; Converti, A.; de Lima, Á.A.N. Microparticles in the Development and Improvement of Pharmaceutical Formulations: An Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 5441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065441
da Silva RYP, de Menezes DLB, Oliveira VdS, Converti A, de Lima ÁAN. Microparticles in the Development and Improvement of Pharmaceutical Formulations: An Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(6):5441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065441
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Silva, Rita Y. P., Danielle L. B. de Menezes, Verônica da S. Oliveira, Attilio Converti, and Ádley A. N. de Lima. 2023. "Microparticles in the Development and Improvement of Pharmaceutical Formulations: An Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6: 5441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065441