Fingerprinting Evaluation and Gut Microbiota Regulation of Polysaccharides from Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Fruit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Determination of Total Polysaccharides Content and MWD of Polysaccharides
2.1.1. Comparison of Total Polysaccharides Content of Jujube Fruits
2.1.2. Comparison of MWD of Polysaccharides from Jujube Fruits
2.2. Polysaccharides Profiling and Fingerprinting Evaluation by FT-IR
2.3. Oligosaccharides Profiling Analysis
2.3.1. Characterization of Oligosaccharides by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
2.3.2. Distribution Profile and Fingerprint Evaluation of Oligosaccharides
2.4. Monosaccharides Profiling Analysis
2.5. Modulatory Effects of Different Jujube Fruits Polysaccharides on Mice Gut Microbiota
2.6. Network Analysis of Jujube Fruits Polysaccharides-Gut Microbiota-Potential Diseases
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Total Polysaccharides, Hydrolyzed Oligosaccharides, and Monosaccharides
3.3. Determination of Total Polysaccharides Content
3.4. Determination of MWD of Polysaccharides by HPGPC-RID-MALLS
3.5. Polysaccharides Profiling by FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis
3.6. Oligosaccharides Profiling Analysis
3.7. Monosaccharides Profiling Analysis
3.8. Modulatory Effects of Jujube Fruits Polysaccharides on Mice Gut Microbiota
3.8.1. The 16S rRNA Sequencing of Mice Feces
3.8.2. Network Analysis of Jujube Fruits Polysaccharides-Gut Microbiota-Potential Diseases
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RT | m/z | Formula | Addition | Composition | DP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10.21 | 298.13 | C14H20NO6 | M-H | Arabinose | 1 |
9.36 | 342.12 | C15H20NO8 | M-H | Galacturonic acid | 1 |
8.92 | 328.14 | C15H22NO7 | M-H | Glucose | 1 |
8.46 | 488.17 | C21H30NO12 | M-H | Two glucoses | 2 |
7.08 | 518.15 | C21H28NO14 | M-H | Two galacturonic acids | 2 |
5.46 | 694.18 | C27H36NO20 | M-H | Three galacturonic acids | 3 |
4.97 | 870.21 | C33H44NO26 | M-H | Four galacturonic acids | 4 |
Group | Chao | Shannon | Shannoneven | pd |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blank | 177.7 ± 24.5 | 3.707 ± 0.372 | 0.717 ± 0.062 | 16.99 ± 1.63 |
Gansu | 169.2 ± 14.0 | 3.782 ± 0.220 | 0.739 ± 0.045 | 16.51 ± 1.03 |
Hebei | 169.8 ± 25.0 | 3.599 ± 0.192 | 0.704 ± 0.031 | 16.87 ± 1.98 |
Henan | 186.4 ± 27.1 | 3.812 ± 0.414 | 0.732 ± 0.077 | 16.96 ± 1.56 |
Ningxia | 178.3 ± 19.7 | 4.129 ± 0.278 | 0.797 ± 0.040 | 16.79 ± 1.02 |
Shaanxi | 131.4 ± 25.3 * | 2.665 ± 0.640 * | 0.548 ± 0.108 * | 13.92 ± 1.85 * |
Shandong | 163.6 ± 22.5 | 3.23 ± 0.428 | 0.635 ± 0.074 | 16.11 ± 1.54 |
Shanxi | 162.8 ± 15.4 | 3.479 ± 0.275 | 0.686 ± 0.049 | 16.77 ± 0.91 |
Xinjiang | 127 ± 14.1 * | 2.843 ± 0.797 | 0.586 ± 0.155 | 13.71 ± 1.06 * |
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Li, Z.; Wu, M.; Wei, W.; An, Y.; Li, Y.; Wen, Q.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, J.; Yao, C.; Bi, Q.; et al. Fingerprinting Evaluation and Gut Microbiota Regulation of Polysaccharides from Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Fruit. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 7239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087239
Li Z, Wu M, Wei W, An Y, Li Y, Wen Q, Zhang D, Zhang J, Yao C, Bi Q, et al. Fingerprinting Evaluation and Gut Microbiota Regulation of Polysaccharides from Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Fruit. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(8):7239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087239
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhenwei, Menglei Wu, Wenlong Wei, Yaling An, Yun Li, Qiuyi Wen, Daidi Zhang, Jianqing Zhang, Changliang Yao, Qirui Bi, and et al. 2023. "Fingerprinting Evaluation and Gut Microbiota Regulation of Polysaccharides from Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Fruit" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8: 7239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087239