Glycolysis Reprogramming in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Unveiling the Mystery of Lactate in the Lung
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aerobic Glycolysis
3. Glycolysis Reprogramming in Lung Fibrosis
4. Lactate Production and Oxidation
5. Lactate in Fibroblast
6. Lactate in AEC2s
7. Lactate in Inflammatory Cells
8. Lactate and Epigenetics
9. Lactate Shuttle and Multicellular Crosstalk in Fibrotic Lungs
10. Role of Lactate in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target | Drug | Preclinical Data in IPF |
---|---|---|
PFKFB3 | 3PO | ↓ The activation of fibroblasts, |
↓ lung fibrosis in mice [66,90]. | ||
HK2 | Lonidamine | ↓ TGF-β-induced fibrosis, |
↓ Fibrosis marker, | ||
↑ Lung function in mice [44]. | ||
2-DG | ↓ Lactate level, | |
↓ collagen synthesis [90]. | ||
Glycolysis | KD025 | ↑ OXPHOS, |
↓ Lactate level, | ||
↓ pulmonary endothelial permeability [91]. | ||
GLUT1 | GLUT inhibitor II | ↓ PAI-1, CTGF, and α-SMA [37]. |
Phloretin | ↓ α-SMA, collagen, and fibronectin, | |
↓ lung fibrosis in mice [37,38]. | ||
PDK1 | Dichloroacetate | ↓ Lactate and α-SMA production, |
↓ lung fibrosis in mice [92]. | ||
PKM2 | Naphthoquinone derivatives | ↓ TGF-β signal, |
↓ collagen deposition [93]. | ||
LDHA | Gossypol | Lactate production, |
fibroblast differentiation, | ||
pulmonary fibrosis in mice [94,95,96]. |
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Yan, P.; Liu, J.; Li, Z.; Wang, J.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, L.; Yu, G. Glycolysis Reprogramming in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Unveiling the Mystery of Lactate in the Lung. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010315
Yan P, Liu J, Li Z, Wang J, Zhu Z, Wang L, Yu G. Glycolysis Reprogramming in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Unveiling the Mystery of Lactate in the Lung. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(1):315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010315
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Peishuo, Jingyi Liu, Zhenwei Li, Jiawei Wang, Zhao Zhu, Lan Wang, and Guoying Yu. 2024. "Glycolysis Reprogramming in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Unveiling the Mystery of Lactate in the Lung" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 1: 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010315