Effect of Immunosuppression on the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Participants Characteristics
2.2. Immunosuppression at the Time of Acute COVID-19 Causes Lymphoid and Myeloid Subset Effects That Persist into the Convalescent Period
2.3. Immunosuppression at the Time of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Variably Impacts the Antigen-Specific Serologic and T cell Responses
2.4. Immunosuppression with B Cell Depleting Agents at the Time of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Does Not Alter Non-B Cell Lymphoid Subsets
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Cohorts
4.2. Immunosuppression and Vaccine Exposure
4.3. Immunophenotyping
4.4. T Cell Responses
4.5. Serology
4.6. Statistical Methodology
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SARS-CoV-2-Infected | SARS-CoV-2-Naïve | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Immunosuppressed | Non-Immunosuppressed | Healthy Controls | ||
Population (n = 102) | N (%) | 19 (18.6%) | 83 (81.4%) | 19 |
Sex N (%) | Male | 8 (42.1%) | 43 (51.8%) | 7 (36.9%) |
Female | 11 (57.9%) | 40 (48.2%) | 12 (63.1%) | |
Age | Median (IQR) | 55 (46–70) | 62 (52–72) | 48 (26–79) |
Immunosuppressed N (%) | Rituximab | 3 (2.9%) | - | - |
Other | 16 (15.7%) | - | - | |
None | - | 83 (81.4%) | 19 (100.0%) |
AAV | Immunosuppressed | Non-Immunosuppressed | HC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population N (%) | 43 | 28 (65.1%) | 15 (34.9%) | 18 | |
Sex N (%) | Male | 24 | 17 (60.7%) | 7 (46.7%) | 8 |
Female | 19 | 11 (39.3%) | 8 (53.3%) | 10 | |
Age | Median (IQR) | 59.5 (46–78) | 67.5 (63–74) | 62 (53–67) | 41.5 (36–52) |
Smoking N (%) | Current | 0 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | NA |
Past | 15 | 9 (32.1%) | 6 (40.0%) | NA | |
Never | 13 | 7 (25.0%) | 6 (40.0%) | NA | |
NA | 15 | 12 (42.9%) | 3 (20.0%) | NA | |
Vaccine Type N (%) | AstraZeneca | 18 | 10 (35.7%) | 8 (53.3%) | 13 |
Pfizer/BioNTech | 22 | 16 (57.1%) | 6 (40.0%) | 5 | |
Moderna | 3 | 2 (7.1%) | 1 (6.7%) | 0 | |
Vaccine Interval (Days) | Median (IQR) | 28 (28–37) | 28 (28–35) | 28 (28–37) | NA |
Immunosuppression Type N (%) | Rituximab | 7 | 7 (25.0%) | - | 0 |
Other | 21 | 21 (75.0%) | - | 0 | |
None | 15 | - | 15 (100.0%) | 18 | |
NA | 1 | - | - | - |
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Leacy, E.J.; Teh, J.W.; O’Rourke, A.M.; Brady, G.; Gargan, S.; Conlon, N.; Scott, J.; Dunne, J.; Phelan, T.; Griffin, M.D.; et al. Effect of Immunosuppression on the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105239
Leacy EJ, Teh JW, O’Rourke AM, Brady G, Gargan S, Conlon N, Scott J, Dunne J, Phelan T, Griffin MD, et al. Effect of Immunosuppression on the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(10):5239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105239
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeacy, Emma J., Jia Wei Teh, Aoife M. O’Rourke, Gareth Brady, Siobhan Gargan, Niall Conlon, Jennifer Scott, Jean Dunne, Thomas Phelan, Matthew D. Griffin, and et al. 2024. "Effect of Immunosuppression on the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10: 5239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105239