Puerarin Modulates Hepatic Farnesoid X Receptor and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Puerarin Ameliorates HFFA-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and FXR Signaing
2.2. Puerarin Modulation of HFFA-Mediated Hepatotoxicity in siFXR AML12 Cells
2.3. Puerarin Alleviates HFFA-Induced Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Hepatocytes
2.4. Puerarin Improves Liver Damage and Lipid Accumulation in HFD-Induced Obesity Mice
2.5. Puerarin Suppresses Inflammatory Response in Liver of HFD-Induced Obesity Mice
2.6. Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis by Puerarin in HFD-Induced Obesity Mice
2.7. Regulation of Mitophagy and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System by Puerarin in Obese Mice
2.8. Impact of Puerarin on Bile Acid Transport Proteins in Obese Mice
2.9. Puerarin Modulates Gut Microbiota Composition in HFD-Induced Obesity Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. siRNA Transfection
4.3. Mitochondrial Analysis
4.4. Oil Red O Staining
4.5. Mitochondria Mass and DNA Assay and Mitochondrial Respiratory Complexes
4.6. Flow Cytometry for ROS and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay
4.7. RNA Isolation and Real-Time PCR Analyses
4.8. Immunofluorescence Staining
4.9. Experimental Animals
4.10. Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry
4.11. Gut Microbiota Analysis via 16S rRNA and Intestinal Tissue DNA Extraction
4.12. 16S rRNA Analysis
4.13. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Histological | Severity | Description | Score |
---|---|---|---|
Steatosis | Absent | <10% | 0 |
Mild | 10–30% | 1 | |
Marked | 31–60% | 2 | |
Severe | >60% | 3 | |
Inflammation | None | 0 | |
Moderate | Scattered a | 1 | |
Marked | Focia a | 2 | |
Severe | Diffuse a | 3 | |
Necrosis | Absent | 0% | 0 |
Mild | <10% | 1 | |
Marked | 10–30% | 2 | |
Severe | >50% | 3 | |
Fibrosis b | Absent | 0 | |
Mild | 1 | ||
Marked | 2 | ||
Severe | 3 |
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Yang, C.-W.; Liu, H.-M.; Chang, Z.-Y.; Liu, G.-H.; Chang, H.-H.; Huang, P.-Y.; Lee, T.-Y. Puerarin Modulates Hepatic Farnesoid X Receptor and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105274
Yang C-W, Liu H-M, Chang Z-Y, Liu G-H, Chang H-H, Huang P-Y, Lee T-Y. Puerarin Modulates Hepatic Farnesoid X Receptor and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(10):5274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105274
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Ching-Wei, Hsuan-Miao Liu, Zi-Yu Chang, Geng-Hao Liu, Hen-Hong Chang, Po-Yu Huang, and Tzung-Yan Lee. 2024. "Puerarin Modulates Hepatic Farnesoid X Receptor and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10: 5274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105274