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Volume 25
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Review

Immune Checkpoints in Endometriosis—A New Insight in the Pathogenesis

by
Dorota Suszczyk
1,
Wiktoria Skiba
1,
Anna Pawłowska-Łachut
1,
Izabela Dymanowska-Dyjak
2,
Karolina Włodarczyk
1,
Roman Paduch
3 and
Iwona Wertel
1,*
1
Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
2
Independent Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Gynecology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
3
Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(11), 6266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116266
Submission received: 25 April 2024 / Revised: 29 May 2024 / Accepted: 3 June 2024 / Published: 6 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endometriosis: From Molecular Basis to Therapy)
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Abstract

Endometriosis (EMS) is an oestrogen-dependent, chronic disease affecting women of a reproductive age. One of the important factors involved in the development of this disease is the complex disorders associated with the functioning of the immune system. Recent evidence has shown that EMS development is associated with changes in systemic and local immunity, including functional disturbances of effector and antigen-presenting cells. One of the reasons for immune imbalance can be the improper expression of immune checkpoints (ICPs). ICPs and their ligands are responsible for maintaining self-tolerance and the modulation of the initiation, duration, and magnitude of the immune response of effector cells in normal tissues to avoid tissue damage. Considering the complex nature of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory ICPs and the signalling between effector cells and APCs, we hypothesise that changes in cells’ activity caused by ICPs may lead to serious immune system disturbances in patients with endometriosis. Moreover, both upregulation and downregulation in the expression of ICPs may be implicated in this process, including the reduced activity of effector cells against endometrial implants and disturbances in the antigen-presenting process. In this narrative review, we discuss, for the first time, key findings from the emerging literature, describing the associations between ICPs and their possible implication in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Keywords: endometriosis; immune checkpoints; immunosuppression; immune cells endometriosis; immune checkpoints; immunosuppression; immune cells

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MDPI and ACS Style

Suszczyk, D.; Skiba, W.; Pawłowska-Łachut, A.; Dymanowska-Dyjak, I.; Włodarczyk, K.; Paduch, R.; Wertel, I. Immune Checkpoints in Endometriosis—A New Insight in the Pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116266

AMA Style

Suszczyk D, Skiba W, Pawłowska-Łachut A, Dymanowska-Dyjak I, Włodarczyk K, Paduch R, Wertel I. Immune Checkpoints in Endometriosis—A New Insight in the Pathogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(11):6266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116266

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suszczyk, Dorota, Wiktoria Skiba, Anna Pawłowska-Łachut, Izabela Dymanowska-Dyjak, Karolina Włodarczyk, Roman Paduch, and Iwona Wertel. 2024. "Immune Checkpoints in Endometriosis—A New Insight in the Pathogenesis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11: 6266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116266

APA Style

Suszczyk, D., Skiba, W., Pawłowska-Łachut, A., Dymanowska-Dyjak, I., Włodarczyk, K., Paduch, R., & Wertel, I. (2024). Immune Checkpoints in Endometriosis—A New Insight in the Pathogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11), 6266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116266

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