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Volume 25
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Review

Oxidative Stress Markers in Multiple Sclerosis

by
Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
1,*,
Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
1,
Paula Salgado-Cámara
1,
Elena García-Martín
2 and
José A. G. Agúndez
2
1
Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, E-28500 Madrid, Spain
2
University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, E-10071 Cáceres, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(12), 6289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126289
Submission received: 29 January 2024 / Revised: 10 March 2024 / Accepted: 3 June 2024 / Published: 7 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peripheral Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases—4th Edition)
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Abstract

The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not completely understood, but genetic factors, autoimmunity, inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration seem to play a significant role. Data from analyses of central nervous system autopsy material from patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, as well as from studies in the main experimental model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggest the possibility of a role of oxidative stress as well. In this narrative review, we summarize the main data from studies reported on oxidative stress markers in patients diagnosed with MS and in experimental models of MS (mainly EAE), and case–control association studies on the possible association of candidate genes related to oxidative stress with risk for MS. Most studies have shown an increase in markers of oxidative stress, a decrease in antioxidant substances, or both, with cerebrospinal fluid and serum/plasma malonyl-dialdehyde being the most reliable markers. This topic requires further prospective, multicenter studies with a long-term follow-up period involving a large number of patients with MS and controls.
Keywords: multiple sclerosis; pathogenesis; risk factors; oxidative stress; biological markers; animal models multiple sclerosis; pathogenesis; risk factors; oxidative stress; biological markers; animal models

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; Alonso-Navarro, H.; Salgado-Cámara, P.; García-Martín, E.; Agúndez, J.A.G. Oxidative Stress Markers in Multiple Sclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126289

AMA Style

Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, Salgado-Cámara P, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Oxidative Stress Markers in Multiple Sclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(12):6289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126289

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiménez-Jiménez, Félix Javier, Hortensia Alonso-Navarro, Paula Salgado-Cámara, Elena García-Martín, and José A. G. Agúndez. 2024. "Oxidative Stress Markers in Multiple Sclerosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 12: 6289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126289

APA Style

Jiménez-Jiménez, F. J., Alonso-Navarro, H., Salgado-Cámara, P., García-Martín, E., & Agúndez, J. A. G. (2024). Oxidative Stress Markers in Multiple Sclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(12), 6289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126289

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