The Role of Magnesium in Parkinson’s Disease: Status Quo and Implications for Future Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Magnesium, an “Eminence Grise” of Cellular Physiology
4. Pathomechanisms Involved in PD Onset and Progression
4.1. Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PD
4.2. Neuroinflammation in PD
4.3. Autophagy and α-Synuclein Accumulation in PD
4.4. Dysmicrobiosis in PD
5. The Role of Mg2+ in PD Pathomechanisms
5.1. Magnesium and α-Synuclein
5.2. Magnesium and Guamanian Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinsonism–Dementia Complex
5.3. Magnesium, Caffeine Intake, and Cigarette Smoking
5.4. Magnesium and Depression
5.5. Magnesium and Oxidative Stress
5.6. Magnesium and Gut Microbiota
5.7. Magnesium and Sleep Disturbances
5.8. Magnesium and Neuroinflammation
5.9. Magnesium and Ageing
6. Mg Intake and Balance in PD
6.1. Serum Magnesium Concentration in PD
6.2. Brain, Hair, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Magnesium Concentration in PD
6.3. Magnesium Intake Assessment
6.4. Magnesium Status Assessment
7. Animal and Cellular Models of PD and Mg Homeostasis
7.1. Cellular Models of PD and Magnesium Homeostasis
7.2. Animal Models of PD and Magnesium Homeostasis
8. Genetic Markers in Mg-Related Genes and PD
9. Future Perspectives
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mg2+ Transporting System | Mode of Action Δ | Cellular Localisation Δ | Detected in Brain * |
---|---|---|---|
NIPA1 | Non-specific cation channel | Plasma membrane | + |
NIPA2 | Non-specific cation channel | Plasma membrane | + |
NIPAL1 | Non-specific cation channel | Plasma membrane | − |
NIPAL4 | Non-specific cation channel | Plasma membrane | + |
TRPM6 | Chanzyme | Plasma membrane | − |
TRPM7 | Chanzyme | Plasma membrane | + |
SLC41A1 | Na+/Mg2+ exchanger | Plasma membrane | + |
SLC41A2 | Putative Mg2+ transporter | Undetermined | + |
SLC41A3 | Na+-coupled Mg2+ transporter | IMM | + |
MMGT1 | Mg2+ transporter | Golgi apparatus | + |
MRS2 | Mg2+ channel | IMM | + |
APC (SLC25A23, SLC25A24 SLC25A25, SLC25A41) | MgATP2−/HPO42− exchanger | IMM | + + + + |
ATP13A2 | Mg2+ pump | Lysosomal membrane | + |
ATP13A4 | Mg2+ pump | Endoplasmic reticulum | + |
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Cibulka, M.; Brodnanova, M.; Halasova, E.; Kurca, E.; Kolisek, M.; Grofik, M. The Role of Magnesium in Parkinson’s Disease: Status Quo and Implications for Future Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158425
Cibulka M, Brodnanova M, Halasova E, Kurca E, Kolisek M, Grofik M. The Role of Magnesium in Parkinson’s Disease: Status Quo and Implications for Future Research. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158425
Chicago/Turabian StyleCibulka, Michal, Maria Brodnanova, Erika Halasova, Egon Kurca, Martin Kolisek, and Milan Grofik. 2024. "The Role of Magnesium in Parkinson’s Disease: Status Quo and Implications for Future Research" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158425