Integrative Analyses Reveal the Physiological and Molecular Role of Prohexadione Calcium in Regulating Salt Tolerance in Rice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Result
2.1. Effect of Pro-Ca on the Phenotype of Rice Seedlings under Salt Stress
2.2. Effect of Pro-Ca on the Homeostasis of K+ and Na+ in Rice under Salt Stress
2.3. Effects of Pro-Ca on Photosynthesis- and Fluorescence-Related Parameters of Rice Leaves under Salt Stress
2.4. Analysis of Endogenous Plant Hormone Content
2.5. Effect of Pro-Ca Treatment on Rice Transcriptome under Salt Stress
2.5.1. Reliability Analysis
2.5.2. Comparative Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes under Salt Stress
2.6. Effect of Pro-Ca Treatment on Rice Metabolome under Salt Stress
Key Biological Pathways Involved in Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Changes
3. Discussion
3.1. Pro-Ca Alleviates the Effects of Salt Stress on Rice by Regulating Morphological Traits
3.2. Pro-Ca Alleviates the Effects of Salt Stress on Rice by Regulating Ion Content
3.3. Effect of Pro-Ca on Photosynthesis in Rice under Salt Stress
3.4. Pro-Ca Activates Plant Hormone Signal Transduction to Alleviate the Effects of Salt Stress on Rice
3.5. Effect of Pro-Ca on MAPK Signaling Pathway in Rice under Salt Stress
3.6. Effect of Pro-Ca on Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Rice under Salt Stress
3.7. Effect of Pro-Ca on Linoleic Acid Metabolism of Rice under Salt Stress in Rice
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Experimental Materials
5.2. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions
5.3. Measurement of Growth Index
5.4. Measurement of Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Parameters
5.5. Measurement of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters
5.6. Measurement of the Photosynthetic Pigments
5.7. Measurement of Ion-Related Indicators
5.8. Endogenous Hormone Extraction and Determination
5.9. Total RNA Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis
5.10. Real-Time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) Validation
5.11. Metabolite Extraction and Metabolomic Analysis
5.12. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variety | Treatment | Leaf Na+ | Leaf K+ | Leaf Na+/K+ | Root Na+ | Root K+ | Root Na+/K+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IR29 | CK | 0.83 ± 0.00 c | 20.93 ± 0.11 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 c | 1.59 ± 0.00 b | 16.61 ± 0.00 b | 0.10 ± 0.00 b |
S | 11.48 ± 0.03 a | 20.35 ± 0.00 c | 0.56 ± 0.00 a | 7.94 ± 0.01 a | 14.23 ± 0.00 c | 0.56 ± 0.00 a | |
SPCM | 1.57 ± 0.00 b | 21.86 ± 0.11 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 1.48 ± 0.00 c | 18.70 ± 0.11 a | 0.08 ± 0.00 c | |
HD96-1 | CK | 0.85 ± 0.00 c | 29.32 ± 0.11 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 1.60 ± 0.00 b | 16.62 ± 0.00 b | 0.10 ± 0.00 b |
S | 10.38 ± 0.02 a | 24.83 ± 0.12 c | 0.42 ± 0.00 a | 6.43 ± 0.00 a | 14.10 ± 0.00 c | 0.46 ± 0.00 a | |
SPCM | 0.90 ± 0.00 b | 29.11 ± 0.11 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 1.84 ± 0.01 c | 17.13 ± 0.00 a | 0.11 ± 0.00 c |
Sampling Period | Treatment | Chl a (mg·g−1) | Chl b (mg·g−1) | Chl a+b (mg·g−1) | Car (mg·g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.5 leaf | ICK | 23.960 ± 1.070 a | 8.516 ± 0.574 a | 32.472 ± 1.645 a | 51.145 ± 2.188 a |
IS | 18.602 ± 0.600 b | 6.266 ± 0.273 b | 24.867 ± 0.871 b | 40.445 ± 1.154 b | |
ISPCM | 19.418 ± 0.434 b | 6.506 ± 0.160 b | 25.924 ± 0.594 b | 44.676 ± 0.634 b | |
HCK | 16.874 ± 0.288 a | 5.578 ± 0.106 a | 22.452 ± 0.394 a | 35.509 ± 0.562 a | |
HS | 15.569 ± 0.906 a | 5.117 ± 0.315 a | 20.686 ± 1.220 a | 33.332 ± 1.905 a | |
HSPCM | 16.487 ± 1.380 a | 5.497 ± 0.478 a | 21.983 ± 18.858 a | 33.921 ± 2.721 a | |
4.5 leaf | ICK | 23.102 ± 0.358 a | 7.989 ± 0.136 a | 31.091 ± 0.493 a | 59.904 ± 0.844 a |
IS | 18.853 ± 1.408 b | 6.177 ± 0.516 b | 25.029 ± 1.924 b | 48.741 ± 4.045 b | |
ISPCM | 23.249 ± 0.751 a | 8.453 ± 0.345 a | 31.702 ± 1.924 b | 60.319 ± 1.969 a | |
HCK | 29.979 ± 0.152 a | 14.166 ± 0.360 a | 44.145 ± 0.489 a | 65.902 ± 0.199 a | |
HS | 24.074 ± 0.575 c | 8.518 ± 0.298 c | 32.592 ± 0.873 c | 59.974 ± 1.195 b | |
HSPCM | 27.090 ± 0.531 b | 11.284 ± 0.496 b | 38.374 ± 1.027 b | 61.815 ± 0.784 b |
Variety | Index | Compounds | Class | Material Category | Pvalue | Log2FC | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IR29 | mT9G | meta-Topolin-9-glucoside | CK | cytokinin | 0.191 | −Inf | down |
DHZROG | Dihydrozeatin-O-glucoside riboside | CK | cytokinin | 0.074 | −2.011 | down | |
BAP | 6-Benzyladenine | CK | cytokinin | 0.015 | −Inf | down | |
HD96-1 | cZ | cis-Zeatin | CK | cytokinin | 1.403 | −1.140 | down |
K9G | Kinetin-9-glucoside | CK | cytokinin | 0.007 | −Inf | down |
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Deng, R.; Li, Y.; Feng, N.-J.; Zheng, D.-F.; Du, Y.-W.; Khan, A.; Xue, Y.-B.; Zhang, J.-Q.; Feng, Y.-N. Integrative Analyses Reveal the Physiological and Molecular Role of Prohexadione Calcium in Regulating Salt Tolerance in Rice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169124
Deng R, Li Y, Feng N-J, Zheng D-F, Du Y-W, Khan A, Xue Y-B, Zhang J-Q, Feng Y-N. Integrative Analyses Reveal the Physiological and Molecular Role of Prohexadione Calcium in Regulating Salt Tolerance in Rice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):9124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169124
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Rui, Yao Li, Nai-Jie Feng, Dian-Feng Zheng, You-Wei Du, Aaqil Khan, Ying-Bin Xue, Jian-Qin Zhang, and Ya-Nan Feng. 2024. "Integrative Analyses Reveal the Physiological and Molecular Role of Prohexadione Calcium in Regulating Salt Tolerance in Rice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 9124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169124