Extracellular Vesicle microRNA: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. EV-microRNA
3. EV-microRNAs and Respiratory Diseases
3.1. EVs and EV-microRNAs Maintain Pulmonary Homeostasis
3.2. EV-microRNAs and COPD
3.3. EV-microRNAs and Asthma
3.4. EV-microRNAs and Lung Cancer
3.4.1. EV-microRNAs as Biomarkers for Lung Cancer
3.4.2. EV-microRNAs in the Development of Lung Cancer
3.4.3. EV-microRNAs in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
3.5. EV-microRNAs and COVID-19
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vesicle | Size(nm) | Biogenesis | Possible Function |
---|---|---|---|
Exosome | 30–150 | endocytosis→cargo sorting→MVB maturation and secretion | Cellular interactions and signaling |
Microvesicle | 100–1000 | plasma membrane budding and shedding | Cellular interactions and signaling |
Apoptotic body | 50–5000 | chromatin and nucleus condense in cell apoptosis | Clearance of apoptotic debris |
Isolation Technique | Principle | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|
Ultracentrifugation | High-speed centrifugal force to sediment EVs | Suitable for large volumes and various samples; yields relatively pure EVs | Time-consuming; complex procedures; impact on EV activity |
Size-based separation | Physical barriers (chromatography, filtration, etc.) | Efficient; easy to perform; little impact on EV activity | Relatively low purity; limited sample volume |
Immunoaffinity Capture | Antibody-based binding of specific EV markers | High specificity; high purity | Expensive; limited to specific EV subtypes |
Polymer Precipitation | Use of polymers to alter the solubility of EVs | Efficient; easy to perform | May co-precipitate non-EV components; relatively low purity |
Microfluidics | Manipulation of fluids at microscale through microchannel of microfluidic chip | High precision; integrates multiple steps; efficient; little impact on EV activity | Requires specialized equipment; limited throughput |
Kit Method | Commercially available kits for EV isolation | User-friendly | Often expensive; variable purity and yield |
Method | Principle | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|
Northern blot | Separation of specific-sized RNA fragments by electrophoresis, followed by membrane transfer and probe hybridization detection | Reliable results without amplification; can detect both miRNAs and their precursors | Low sensitivity; time-consuming; requires large number of RNA samples; RNA is prone to degradation |
Microarray | Hybridization of labeled miRNAs with DNA probes fixed on a solid surface | High throughput; can simultaneously detect multiple samples | High cost; complex operation; sensitivity and specificity are limited; requires standardized probe sets |
qRT-PCR | Reverse transcription of miRNA into cDNA; followed by real-time monitoring with fluorescently labeled probes and primers | Gold standard for miRNA detection; highly sensitive and accurate; suitable for quantitative analysis | Complex primer design; requires consideration of RNA integrity; cDNA synthesis; primer design; and other parameters |
NGS | High-throughput sequencing analysis of multiple small RNA fragments | No need for whole genome sequence; extensive coverage of miRNAs at different expression levels | Complex data processing; relatively high cost |
miRNAs | Samples | Target | Expression | Function | Pathogenesis | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COPD | miR210 | HBEC | ATG7 | upregulated | Control autophagy process | Promote airway remodeling | [31] |
miR21 | HBEC | VHL | upregulated | Promote myoblast differentiation | Promote airway remodeling | [32] | |
miR93 | Lung tissue | DUSP2 | upregulated | Activate JNK pathway in macrophages | Contribute to emphysema | [33] | |
Let-7d, miR-191, miR-126, miR-125a | plasma | upregulated | Compromise the phagocytic function of macrophages | Escalate endothelial damage and an inflammatory response | [34] | ||
Asthma | miR-1470 | MSC | P27KIP1 | upregulated | Induce CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs differentiation | Regulate inflammatory response | [35] |
miR-370 | Lung tissue | FGF1 | downregulated | Suppress the FGF1/MAPK/STAT1 axis | Reduce inflammation, inhibit airway remodeling | [36] | |
Lung Cancer | miR-505-5p | Plasma and tumor tissue | TP53AIP1 | upregulated | Inhibits cell apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation | Contribute to an abnormal cell cycle | [37] |
miR-21 | HBEC | VEGF | upregulated | Form new blood vessels | Contribute to angiogenesis | [38] | |
miR-23a | lung cancer cells | HIF-1α | upregulated | Form new blood vessels | Contribute to angiogenesis | [39] | |
miR-193a-3p, miR-210-3p, miR-5100 | Plasma and Lung tissue | STAT3 | upregulated | Activate STAT3 signaling-induced EMT | Promote metastasis of cancer cells | [40] | |
miR-499a-5p | Lung tumor cells | mTORC1 | upregulated | Activate the mTOR signaling pathway | Promote cell proliferation, migration, and EMT | [41] | |
miR-328-3p | BMSC | NF2 | upregulated | Inhibit the Hippo signaling pathway | Promote proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT | [42] | |
COVID19 | miR-7-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-223-3p | plasma | S protein | downregulated | Inhibit S protein expression and SARS-CoV-2 replication | Act as endogenous antiviral molecules | [43] |
miR-21, let-7b | plasma | TLR7/8 | upregulated | Promote the production of ROS and the formation of NETs | Form immune thrombi | [44] |
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Lv, J.; Xiong, X. Extracellular Vesicle microRNA: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179147
Lv J, Xiong X. Extracellular Vesicle microRNA: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179147
Chicago/Turabian StyleLv, Jiaxi, and Xianzhi Xiong. 2024. "Extracellular Vesicle microRNA: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179147