New Horizons in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer: The Importance of Selected Toll-like Receptors in Immunopathogenesis Depending on the Stage, Clinical Subtype, and Gender of Newly Diagnosed Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characteristics of Patients Recruited to the Study, with Particular Emphasis on TLR-2, -3, -3, and -9; Analyses among Patients with GC and Healthy Volunteers Constituting the Control Group
2.2. Comparative Analysis of Tested TLRs in the Context of the Intestinal and Diffuse Type of GC
2.3. Gender Differences in the Course of GC—Can TLR Have an Impact on It?
2.4. Correlation and ROC Curve Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patient Characteristics
4.2. Immunophenotyping
4.3. Determinations of Soluble Forms of Tested TLRs (sTLR)
4.4. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | GC Patients Group | Control Group | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Range) | Mean ± SD | Median (Range) | ||
Age | 62.36 ± 10.26 | 63.00 (40.00–81.00) | 62.28 ± 9.50 | 61.00 (45.00–78.00) | 0.786 |
Neutrophils [103/mm3] | 4.43 ± 1.07 | 4.23 (2.47–6.10) | 4.21 ± 0.86 | 4.44 (2.20–5.87) | 0.388 |
Monocytes [103/mm3] | 0.46 ± 0.12 | 0.46 (0.22–0.70) | 0.45 ± 0.12 | 0.47 (0.10–0.75) | 0.886 |
Lymphocytes [103/mm3] | 2.16 ± 0.46 | 2.10 (1.31–3.14) | 2.57 ± 0.56 | 2.61 (1.57–4.10) | 0.002 * |
T lymphocytes CD3+ [%] | 69.55 ± 5.04 | 70.71 (58.89–79.79) | 71.59 ± 2.68 | 71.28 (65.34–76.70) | 0.158 |
B lymphocytes CD19+ [%] | 10.86 ± 2.37 | 10.78 (7.31–16.30) | 11.96 ± 2.33 | 11.75 (7.62–16.82) | 0.061 |
T lymphocytes CD3+CD4+ [%] | 38.33 ± 3.36 | 37.50 (31.76–47.08) | 40.52 ± 3.13 | 40.44 (34.97–46.35) | 0.006 * |
T lymphocytes CD3+CD8+ [%] | 27.82 ± 4.07 | 27.54 (19.83–36.44) | 30.30 ± 3.08 | 30.49 (24.19–35.78) | 0.006 * |
T lymphocytes ratio CD3+CD4+/T CD3+CD8+ | 1.36 ± 0.25 | 1.33 (0.96–2.02) | 1.36 ± 0.23 | 1.28 (1.03–1.90) | 0.957 |
T lymphocytes CD4+TLR-2+ [%] | 4.85 ± 4.66 | 2.64 (0.89–19.05) | 0.95 ± 0.66 | 0.81 (0.13–2.70) | 0.000 * |
T lymphocytes CD8+TLR-2+ [%] | 5.08 ± 5.67 | 2.43 (0.53–21.41) | 1.30 ± 1.13 | 0.71 (0.24–4.24) | 0.000 * |
B lymphocytes CD19+TLR-2+ [%] | 5.18 ± 3.58 | 3.97 (1.00–15.05) | 2.55 ± 0.93 | 2.48 (0.61–4.12) | 0.000 * |
T lymphocytes CD4+TLR-3+ [%] | 7.45 ± 4.74 | 6.21 (1.86–17.28) | 0.64 ± 0.33 | 0.60 (0.09–1.35) | 0.000 * |
T lymphocytes CD8+TLR-3+ [%] | 7.22 ± 4.24 | 5.64 (2.25–17.12) | 0.85 ± 0.41 | 0.90 (0.07–1.76) | 0.000 * |
B lymphocytes CD19+TLR-3+ [%] | 10.51 ± 7.08 | 7.11 (3.64–33.12) | 1.21 ± 0.64 | 0.95 (0.43–2.80) | 0.000 * |
T lymphocytes CD4+TLR-4+ [%] | 5.52 ± 5.17 | 3.16 (1.07–21.34) | 1.02 ± 0.71 | 0.85 (0.14–2.94) | 0.000 * |
T lymphocytes CD8+TLR-4+ [%] | 5.76 ± 6.31 | 2.91 (0.64–23.98) | 1.40 ± 1.22 | 0.77 (0.26–4.62) | 0.000 * |
B lymphocytes CD19+TLR-4+ [%] | 5.93 ± 3.94 | 4.77 (1.20–16.86) | 2.73 ± 0.98 | 2.70 (0.66–4.24) | 0.000 * |
T lymphocytes CD4+TLR-9+ [%] | 8.66 ± 4.84 | 7.88 (2.45–19.86) | 1.02 ± 0.54 | 0.99 (0.19–2.28) | 0.000 * |
T lymphocytes CD8+TLR-9+ [%] | 8.44 ± 4.13 | 7.03 (2.95–16.72) | 1.35 ± 0.57 | 1.44 (0.15–2.31) | 0.000 * |
B lymphocytes CD19+TLR-9+ [%] | 12.16 ± 6.65 | 9.36 (4.79–29.57) | 1.84 ± 0.68 | 1.77 (0.94–3.68) | 0.000 * |
TLR-2 serum concentration [ng/mL] | 14.75 ± 9.13 | 10.19 (3.49–34.24) | 1.32 ± 0.44 | 1.21 (0.62–2.27) | 0.000 * |
TLR-3 serum concentration [ng/mL] | 12.17 ± 7.76 | 9.19 (4.59–37.03) | 1.15 ± 0.51 | 1.03 (0.54–2.29) | 0.000 * |
TLR-4 serum concentration [ng/mL] | 12.77 ± 7.48 | 11.10 (4.29–35.61) | 1.10 ± 0.49 | 0.99 (0.52–2.21) | 0.000 * |
TLR-9 serum concentration [ng/mL] | 15.50 ± 7.62 | 13.23 (4.53–31.70) | 2.99 ± 0.58 | 3.08 (2.03–3.92) | 0.000 * |
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Kos, M.; Bojarski, K.; Mertowska, P.; Mertowski, S.; Tomaka, P.; Dziki, Ł.; Grywalska, E. New Horizons in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer: The Importance of Selected Toll-like Receptors in Immunopathogenesis Depending on the Stage, Clinical Subtype, and Gender of Newly Diagnosed Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179264
Kos M, Bojarski K, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Tomaka P, Dziki Ł, Grywalska E. New Horizons in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer: The Importance of Selected Toll-like Receptors in Immunopathogenesis Depending on the Stage, Clinical Subtype, and Gender of Newly Diagnosed Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179264
Chicago/Turabian StyleKos, Marek, Krzysztof Bojarski, Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski, Piotr Tomaka, Łukasz Dziki, and Ewelina Grywalska. 2024. "New Horizons in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer: The Importance of Selected Toll-like Receptors in Immunopathogenesis Depending on the Stage, Clinical Subtype, and Gender of Newly Diagnosed Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179264