Potential of Coffee Cherry Pulp Extract against Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air Pollution Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress for Topical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antioxidant Activities
2.2. Lipoxygenase and Protease Inhibitory Effects
2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Coffee Cherry Pulp Extract, Chlorogenic Acid, Caffeine, and Theophylline against PAH-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
2.3.1. Effect on the Viability of RAW 264.7 Cells Exposed to PAHs
2.3.2. Effect of Inhibiting Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Production
2.3.3. The Effects on Inhibiting Nitric Oxide Production
2.3.4. Effect on Inhibiting Secretion and Gene Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators
2.4. Irritation Assessment of Coffee Cherry Pulp Extract Using Hen’s Egg Test on the Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) Assay
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Coffee Cherry Pulp Extract
3.3. Determination of Antioxidant Activities
3.3.1. ABTS Free Radical Scavenging Assay
3.3.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
3.4. Determination of Anti-Inflammatory Activities
3.4.1. Protease Inhibition Assay
3.4.2. Lipoxygenase (LOX) Inhibition Assay
3.5. Cell Culture
3.6. Cell Viability Assay
3.7. Reactive Oxygen Species Production Inhibition (H2DCFDA Assay)
3.8. Intracellular Nitric Oxide Production
3.9. Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) Analysis
3.10. Semi-Quantitative Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis (RT-PCR)
3.11. Irritation Property by Hen’s Egg Test on the Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) Assay
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Tested Compound | Antioxidant Activity | |
---|---|---|
ABTS TEAC (µM Trolox/g) | FRAP (mM FeSO4) | |
CCS extract | 193.6 ± 3.7 a | 6.52 ± 0.7 a |
CGA | 310.3 ± 2.5 d | 18.71 ± 1.3 d |
CAF | 213.8 ± 1.0 c | 10.05 ± 0.9 c |
THP | 204.6 ± 1.4 b | 8.30 ± 1.0 b |
Gene | Primer | Sequence: (5′-3′) |
---|---|---|
β–actin | Forward | TCATGAAGTGTGACGTTGACATCCGT |
Reverse | CCTAGAAGCATTTGCGGTGCACGATG | |
IL-6 | Forward | CATCCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGA |
Reverse | GCATTGGAAATTGGGGTAGGAAG | |
TNF-α | Forward | ATGAGCACAGAAAGCATGATC |
Reverse | TACAGGCTTGTCACTCGAATT |
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Preedalikit, W.; Chittasupho, C.; Leelapornpisid, P.; Duangnin, N.; Kiattisin, K. Potential of Coffee Cherry Pulp Extract against Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air Pollution Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress for Topical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179416
Preedalikit W, Chittasupho C, Leelapornpisid P, Duangnin N, Kiattisin K. Potential of Coffee Cherry Pulp Extract against Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air Pollution Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress for Topical Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179416
Chicago/Turabian StylePreedalikit, Weeraya, Chuda Chittasupho, Pimporn Leelapornpisid, Natthachai Duangnin, and Kanokwan Kiattisin. 2024. "Potential of Coffee Cherry Pulp Extract against Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air Pollution Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress for Topical Applications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179416