Envelope Protein-Targeting Zika Virus Entry Inhibitors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ZIKV Replication and Life Cycle
3. ZIKV Genome and Proteins
4. Structure and Function of ZIKV E Protein
5. Inhibitors of ZIKV E Protein-Mediated Entry
5.1. E Protein-Targeting Natural Products as ZIKV Entry Inhibitors
E-binding Affinity (EC50) | Antiviral Activity (IC50) (ZIKV Strain) | Cytotoxicity (CC50) | Selectivity Index (SI) | Protection in Animals | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | ~119.94 kcal/mol | 21.4 µM (ZIKVBR) | >200 µM | 9 | ND | [60] |
Curcumin | ND | 1.9 µM (HD78788) | 11.6 µM | 6 | ND | [67] |
Nanchangmycin | ND | 0.1–0.4 µM (MR766 and Mex2-81) | ~10 µM | ND | ND | [68] |
Gossypol | 7.12 µM | 3.8 µM (PAN2016) 4.4 µM (R116265) 4.2 µM (PAN2015) 0.7 µM (FLR) 3.1 µM (R103451) 4.6 µM (PRVABC59) | 14.5 μM | 4.3 | There is no protective efficacy in mice | [62,63] |
ST087010 | 4.95 µM | 3.2 µM (PAN2016) 2.9 µM (R116265) 3.5 µM (PAN2015) 2.8 µM (FLR) 3.6 µM (R103451) 2.4 µM (PRVABC59) | 49.6 μM | 17.1 | Protects Ifnar1−/− mice from infection of ZIKV (R103451 and PAN2026 strains) | [63] |
Palmatine | ND | 80 μM (IC90) (PRVABC59) | >100 µM | ND | ND | [69] |
Digitonin | ND | 4.31 µM (PAN2016) 6.52 µM (R116265) 5.0 µM (PAN2015) 3.34 µM (FLR) 4.3 µM (R103451) | 56.29 µM | ND | ND | [62] |
Atranorin | ND | 10.39 µM (SZ01/2016) | >50 µM | >4 | ND | [65] |
F1065-0358 | ~8.314 kcal/mol (Docking score) | 14 µM | >200 µM | >14 | ND | [70] |
ZINC23845959 | 9.35 Kcal/mol (Docking score) | 3–5 µM (MR766) | >25 µM | ND | ND | [71] |
ZINC23400466 | 4.77 Kcal/mol (Docking score) | 3–5 µM (MR766) | >25 µM | ND | ND | [71] |
ZINC12415353 | 6.15 Kcal/mol (Docking score) | 3–5 µM (MR766) | >25 µM | ND | ND | [71] |
3-110-22 | 2.1 μM | 4.2 µM (IC90) (PF13/251013-18) | 37.5 µM | ~9 | ND | [72,73] |
3-110-2 | ND | 4.8 µM (IC90) (PF13/251013-18) | ND | ND | ND | |
3-149-3 | ND | 14.9 µM (IC90) (PF13/251013-18) | ND | ND | ND | |
LAS52154459 | ND | 5.13 µM (IC90) (PF13/251013-18) | 98.11 µM | 19 | ND | [74] |
Compound 16a | ND | 2.61 µM (IC90) (INEVH116141) | 23.83 µM | 9.13 | ND | [75] |
Atovaquone | ND | 2.1 μM IC90 (MR766) | ND | ND | ND | [76] |
5.2. E Protein-Targeting Small Molecules as ZIKV Entry Inhibitors
6. Host Factors That Modify the ZIKV E Protein
7. Potential Challenges of ZIKV E-Targeting Entry Inhibitors
8. An Overview of ZIKV Vaccines Based on the E Protein
9. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Roy, A.; Liu, Q.; Yang, Y.; Debnath, A.K.; Du, L. Envelope Protein-Targeting Zika Virus Entry Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179424
Roy A, Liu Q, Yang Y, Debnath AK, Du L. Envelope Protein-Targeting Zika Virus Entry Inhibitors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179424
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoy, Abhijeet, Qian Liu, Yang Yang, Asim K. Debnath, and Lanying Du. 2024. "Envelope Protein-Targeting Zika Virus Entry Inhibitors" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179424