Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Synthesis and Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Green Synthesis of ZnO NPs
2.1. Optimization of Green Synthesis Conditions
2.1.1. pH
2.1.2. Temperature
2.1.3. Salt Concentration
2.1.4. Reaction Time
2.2. Purification of ZnO NPs
2.3. Calcination
2.4. Phytochemical Screening
2.5. Physicochemical Characterization of Nanoparticles
2.5.1. Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) Spectrophotometry
2.5.2. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
2.5.3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
2.5.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.5.5. Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX)
2.5.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.5.7. Dynamics Light Scattering (DLS)
2.5.8. Zeta Potential
2.5.9. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3. Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity Testing
4. Antibacterial Activity of ZnO NPs
5. Antibacterial Assays
6. Possible Mechanism of Action of ZnO NPs
How Biofilms Mediate Antimicrobial Resistance
7. Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant | Part Used | Concentration of Salt | Average Size (nm) | Shape | Reaction Time | Reaction Temperature and pH | Test Bacteria | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Limonium pruinosum | Whole plant | 0.5 M zinc acetate dihydrate | ~41 nm | Hexagonal/cubic | 30 min | 70 °C pH 8 | Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Enterobacter aeruginosa | [44] |
Cassia fistula and Melia azadarach | Leaves | 0.01 M zinc acetate dihydrate | 68.1 nm and 3.62 nm | Spherical | 60 min | 70 °C | Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) | [127] |
Cocos nucifera | Leaves | 0.05 M aqueous solution of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O | 16.6 nm | Spherical/hexagonal | 3 h | 12 | Staphylococcus aureus (cars-2), Bacillus megaterium (BTCC-18), and Bacillus cereus (carsgp-1) | [21] |
Myristica fragrans (Jaiphal) | Fruit | zinc acetate dihydrate | 41.23 nm | Flower-shaped | 2 h | 60 °C | Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus | [94] |
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam | Leaves | (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) | 63–83 nm | Spherical | - | 60 °C | Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli | [128] |
Viscum album | Leaves | 0.01 M zinc acetate dihydrate | 13.5 nm | Quasi-spherical | 30 min | 70 °C | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10799), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 11774) | [129] |
Pistacia lentiscus | Leaves | 0.1 mol/L (Zn(CH3COO)2 and 2H2O) | 33.90 nm | Dried cotton-like appearance | 30 min | 78 °C | Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [51] |
Cymbopogon citratus | Leaves | (Zn(NO3)2 6H2O) | 20–24 nm | Hexagonal rod-like shape | 5 min | Room temperature | S. aureus (MTCC 9760) and E. coli (MTCC 443) | [130] |
Clitoria ternatea | Flower | Zn (NO3)2·6H2O | 41 nm | Partially/roughly spherical | 2 h | 60 °C | Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus | [131] |
Artemisia aucheri | Leaves | 1g in 15 mL of Zn(NO3)2 | 76 nm | Spherical and granular | 20 min | Room temperature | Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus | [132] |
Lavandula pubescens | Shoots | 2.5 M ZnCl2 | 10.76–20.42 nm | Rod-shaped | 30 min | 60 °C | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) | [133] |
Parthenium hysterophorus | Leaves | 1 mM zinc nitrate | 10 nm | Spherical | 8 h | 90 °C | Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae | [134] |
Laurus nobilis | Leaves | 0.1 mol/L zinc acetate | 29.983 nm | Spherical | 1 h | Room temperature | Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp. | [135] |
Lepidium sativum | Seed | zinc nitrate | 24.2 nm | Hexagonal | 75 min | - | Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus | [136] |
Averrhoa bilimbi | Fruit | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O | 35.4 to 59.5 nm | Round shape | 5 h | 70 °C | Escherichia coli | [137] |
Aloe vera | leaves | 10 mM ZnSO4·7H2O | 50 to 220 nm | Hexagonal | 24 h | Room temperature | Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, K. pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli | [138] |
Ocimum lamifolium | Leaves | 0.06 M zinc acetate | 22.8 nm | Spherical | 2 h | pH 12 30 °C | E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. pyogen | [139] |
Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum sanctum | Leaves | 30 mM zinc nitrate | - | - | 10 min | Room temperature | Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus | [140] |
Orange peel | Peel | 2 g of zinc nitrate with 42.5 mL of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O | 10–20 nm | Spherical | 60 min | 60 °C | Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus | [141] |
Cinnamomum verum | Fruit | zinc acetate dehydrate (0.1 M) | 56–71 nm | Spherical | 60 min | 50 °C | E. coli O157:H7 (02–0628) and L. monocytogenes (ATCC 7644) | [52] |
Myristica fragrans | Fruit | 6.0 g in 100 mL of (Zn(NO3)2·2H2O) | 41.23 nm | Spherical or elliptical | 2 h | 60 °C | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus | [94] |
Pistacia lentiscus L. | Leaf | 0.1 mol/L zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 and 2H2O) | 33.90 nm | Dried cotton shape | 30 min | pH 12 78 °C | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa | [51] |
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius | Leaves | 0.5 M Zn(CH3COO)2 | 100 nm | Spherical | 9 h | 50 °C | Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603 and Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 29212 | [142] |
Avicennia marina | Leaves | 10 mM ZnS | - | - | 24 h | Room temperature | Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans | [143] |
Lawsonia inermis | Leaves | Zn(NO3)2 | 100 nm | Hexagonal | 2 h | Room temperature | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis | [144] |
Euphorbia petiolata | Leaves | 1 M zinc nitrate | - | Spongy shape | 2 h | 80 °C | Escherichia coli | [145] |
Ailanthus altissima | Fruit | 10 g in 200 mL of [(ZnNO3)2·6H2O] | 5 to 18 nm | Spherical | Not specified | 27 °C | Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus | [146] |
Matricaria chamomilla L. | Flower | 1 M zinc oxide | 48.2 nm | Cubic structures | 4 h | Room temp | Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae | [147] |
Lippia adoensis (Koseret) | Leaves | 0.45 M zinc acetate dihydrate | 19.78 nm | Spherical | 2 h | Room temp | Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) | [148] |
Malus pumila | Fruit | 0.2 M zinc acetate dihydrate | 12 nm | Spherical/grain rice-like (ellipsoidal)/cylindrical, dumbbell and needle-like shape | 2 h | pH 6 70 °C | E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa | [149] |
Catharanthus roseus L. | Flower | 0.1 g in 10 mL of ZnCl2 | - | Spherical | 3 | Room temp | Staphylococcus aureus B23 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 424 | [150] |
Berberis aristata | Leaves | 0.1 M zinc acetate dihydrate | Needle like | Not specified | 70 °C | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Serratia marcescens | [151] | |
Bauhinia tomentosa | Leaves | 2 mM ZnSO4 | 22–94 nm | Hexagonal | 4 days | - | Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [152] |
Trifolium pratense | Flower | 0.5 M ZnO | 60–70 nm | - | 24 h | 90 °C | S. aureus ATCC 4163, E. coli ATCC 25922, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 6749 | [153] |
Cassia alata | Leaves | 0.01 M Zinc acetate | 60–80 nm | Spherical | 3 h | 80 °C | Escherichia coli | [154] |
Melia azedarach | Leaves | 0.006 M zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)·6H2O) | 33–96 nm | Hexagonal and spherical | 24 h | 50 °C | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Sphingobacterium thalpophilum (NCTC 11429), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), and Klebsella pneumonia (ATCC 13883) | [155] |
Salvadora persica L. | Root | 0.1 M zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O) | 165–287 nm | Spherical | 4.5 h | pH 8 70 °C | Staphylococcus aureus NRRL B-767, Acinetobacter baumannii 2.3, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae NRRL B-4420, Proteus vulgaris NRRL B-123, and Streptococcus mutans (wild type) | [156] |
Saussurea lappa | Rhizome, root | 1 M hexahydrate zinc nitrate | 123.5 nm | Hexagonal | 2 h | 70–80 °C | Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Sphingobacterium thalpophilum, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sphingobacterium sp., Acinetobacter sp., and Ochrobactrum sp. | [157] |
Pongamia pinnata | Leaves | 0.1 M zinc nitrate hexahydrate | 10 to 120 nm | Spherical | 24 h | Room temp | S. aureus and E. coli | [158] |
Murraya koenigii | Leaves | 1 M zinc acetate | 15 nm | Spherical | 2 h | pH 12 35–40 °C | Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhii; Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae | [159] |
Peltophorum pterocarpum | Flower | zinc nitrate | 69.45 nm | Spherical and irregular shaped | - | 80 °C | (Bacillus cereus (BC) ATCC 11778, Bacillus subtilis (BS) ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) ATCC 29737, Corynebacterium rubrum (CR) ATCC 14898), (Escherichia coli (EC) NCIM2931, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) ATCC 9027, Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) NCIM2719, and Salmonella typhimurium (ST) ATCC 23564) | [160] |
Cinnamomum verum | Bark | zinc nitrate hexahydrate | ~45 nm | Spherical | - | 45–60 °C | Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 7410) | [161] |
Tecoma castanifolia | Leaves | 1 mM zinc sulphate | 70–75 nm | Spherical | 4 days | Room temp | Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [162] |
Garcinia cambogia | Leaves | 0.01 M Zn (NO3)2·6H2O | 131.5 nm | Rod-like/hexagonal | 12 h | 60 °C | Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 10536 and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 6538 | [163] |
Camellia sinensis | Leaves | 1.5 g of zinc acetate dihydrate in 20 mL | 10–20 nm | Spherical rods/needle and particle-like | 1 h | Room temp | E. coli and S. aureus | [164] |
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis | Leaves | 5 g of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O in 50 ml | 52 nm | Flower like | 24 h | 70 °C | K. pneumonia and E. coli | [165] |
Scoparia Dulcis | Leaves | 2 g of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O in 60 ml | ~20 nm | Pebble-like | - | 60 °C | Staphylococcus aureus-902 and E. coli-443 | [166] |
Piper guineense | seeds | 0.25 g of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O was dissolved in 25 mL | 7.39 nm | Hexagonal/spherical | 2 h | 60 °C | E. coli (ATCC 25922) | [167] |
Lupinus albus and Lupinus pilosus | Leaves | 40 mM zinc nitrate | 19.70 nm and 28.13 nm | Rod-like | 30 min | 90 °C | E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus | [168] |
Ceratonia siliqua L. | Pods | 0.1 M zinc acetate dehydrate | - | Spherical/hexagonal | 2 h | 80 °C | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus NCIMB8166, Salmonella enterica, Typhimurium ATCC 1408, and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 | [169] |
Basella alba | Leaves | 0.1 M zinc acetate | 28.64 nm | Spherical | 24 h | 60 °C | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus vulgaris | [170] |
Bergenia ciliata | Rhizome | 1 M zinc acetate dihydrate | 30 nm | Flower shape | 2 h | pH 12 60 °C | Yersenia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis | [171] |
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Okaiyeto, K.; Gigliobianco, M.R.; Di Martino, P. Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Synthesis and Characterization. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9500. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179500
Okaiyeto K, Gigliobianco MR, Di Martino P. Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Synthesis and Characterization. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9500. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179500
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkaiyeto, Kunle, Maria Rosa Gigliobianco, and Piera Di Martino. 2024. "Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Synthesis and Characterization" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9500. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179500